Rational Krylov methods for model order reduction are studied. A dual rational Arnoldi method for model order reduction and a rational Krylov method for model order reduction and eigenvalue computation have been implemented. It is shown how to deflate redundant or unwanted vectors and how to obtain moment matching. Both methods are designed for generalised state space systems---the former for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems from finite element discretisations and the latter for single-input-single-output (SISO) systems---and applied to relevant test problems. The dual rational Arnoldi method is designed for generating real reduced order systems using complex shift points and stabilising a system that happens to be unstable. For the rational Krylov method, a forward error in the recursion and an estimate of the error in the approximation of the transfer function are studie. A stability analysis of a heat exchanger model is made. The model is a nonlinear partial differential-algebraic equation (PDAE). Its well-posedness and how to prescribe boundary data is investigated through analysis of a linearised PDAE and numerical experiments on a nonlinear DAE. Four methods for generating reduced order models are applied to the nonlinear DAE and compared: a Krylov based moment matching method, balanced truncation, Galerkin projection onto a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) basis, and a lumping method. / QC 20101013

Heavy load equipment, such as tractors, shovels, cranes, airplanes, etc, often employ fluid power (i.e. hydraulic) systems to control their loads by way of valve adjustment in a pump-valve control configuration. Most of these systems have low energy efficiency as a consequence of pressure losses across throttle valves. Much of the energy is converted into heat energy which can have determinantal effects on component life and the surrounding environment. From an energy efficiency point of view, an ideal hydraulic system is one that does not include any throttling valve. One such circuit is made of a variable pump and motor load (pump/motor configuration). The velocity of the load is controlled by manipulating the pump displacement or by changing the rotary speed of the pump shaft. In such a system, the transient response of the load is often unsatisfactory because it is difficult to quickly and accurately manipulate the pump displacement or change shaft speed. Thus circuit design must be a compromise between the energy efficiency of the pump/motor system and the controllability of a pump/valve/motor combination. One possible compromise is to use a pump-valve configuration which reduces energy losses across the valve. One way to achieve this is by controlling the pressure drop across the valve and limiting it to a small value, independent of load pressure. Based on this idea, a type of hydraulic control system, usually called load-sensing (LS), has recently been used in the flow power area. This type of system, however, is complex and under certain operating conditions exhibits instability problems. Methods for compensating these instabilities are usually based on a trial-and-error approach. Although some research has resulted in the definition of some instability criterion, a comprehensive and verifiable approach is still lacking. This research concentrates on identifying the relationship between system parameters and instability in one particular type of LS system. Due to the high degree of non-linearity in LS systems, the instabilities are dependent on the steady state operating point. The study therefore concentrates first on identifying all of the steady state operating points and then classifying them into three steady state operating regions. A dynamic model for each operating region is developed to predict the presence of instabilities. Each model is then validated experimentally. This procedure, used in the study of the LS system, is also applied to a pressure compensated (PC) valve. A PC valve is one in which the flow rate is independent in variations to load pressure. A system which combines a LS pump and a PC valve (for the controlling orifice) is called a load sensing pressure compensated (LSPC) system. This research, then, examines the dynamic performance of the LSPC system using the operating points and steady state operating regions identified in the first part of the research. The original contributions of this research include: (a) establishment of three steady state operating conditions defined as Condition I, II & III, which are based on the solution of steady state non-linear equations; (b) the provision of an empirical model of the orifice discharge coefficient suitable for laminar and turbulent flow, and the transition region between them; (c) and the development of an analytical expression for orifice flow which makes it possible to accurately model and simulate a hydraulic system with pilot stage valve or pump/motor compensator. These contributions result in a practical and reliable method to determine the stability of a LS or LSPC system at any operating point and to optimize the design of the LS or LSPC system.

Heavy load equipment, such as tractors, shovels, cranes, airplanes, etc, often employ fluid power (i.e. hydraulic) systems to control their loads by way of valve adjustment in a pump-valve control configuration. Most of these systems have low energy efficiency as a consequence of pressure losses across throttle valves. Much of the energy is converted into heat energy which can have determinantal effects on component life and the surrounding environment. From an energy efficiency point of view, an ideal hydraulic system is one that does not include any throttling valve. One such circuit is made of a variable pump and motor load (pump/motor configuration). The velocity of the load is controlled by manipulating the pump displacement or by changing the rotary speed of the pump shaft. In such a system, the transient response of the load is often unsatisfactory because it is difficult to quickly and accurately manipulate the pump displacement or change shaft speed. Thus circuit design must be a compromise between the energy efficiency of the pump/motor system and the controllability of a pump/valve/motor combination. One possible compromise is to use a pump-valve configuration which reduces energy losses across the valve. One way to achieve this is by controlling the pressure drop across the valve and limiting it to a small value, independent of load pressure. Based on this idea, a type of hydraulic control system, usually called load-sensing (LS), has recently been used in the flow power area. This type of system, however, is complex and under certain operating conditions exhibits instability problems. Methods for compensating these instabilities are usually based on a trial-and-error approach. Although some research has resulted in the definition of some instability criterion, a comprehensive and verifiable approach is still lacking. This research concentrates on identifying the relationship between system parameters and instability in one particular type of LS system. Due to the high degree of non-linearity in LS systems, the instabilities are dependent on the steady state operating point. The study therefore concentrates first on identifying all of the steady state operating points and then classifying them into three steady state operating regions. A dynamic model for each operating region is developed to predict the presence of instabilities. Each model is then validated experimentally. This procedure, used in the study of the LS system, is also applied to a pressure compensated (PC) valve. A PC valve is one in which the flow rate is independent in variations to load pressure. A system which combines a LS pump and a PC valve (for the controlling orifice) is called a load sensing pressure compensated (LSPC) system. This research, then, examines the dynamic performance of the LSPC system using the operating points and steady state operating regions identified in the first part of the research. The original contributions of this research include: (a) establishment of three steady state operating conditions defined as Condition I, II & III, which are based on the solution of steady state non-linear equations; (b) the provision of an empirical model of the orifice discharge coefficient suitable for laminar and turbulent flow, and the transition region between them; (c) and the development of an analytical expression for orifice flow which makes it possible to accurately model and simulate a hydraulic system with pilot stage valve or pump/motor compensator. These contributions result in a practical and reliable method to determine the stability of a LS or LSPC system at any operating point and to optimize the design of the LS or LSPC system.

Block type quay walls are commonly used as berthing structures both in Turkey and worldwide. In this study, stability analysis of block type quay wall is carried out using pseudo-static method. A computer program named QSAP (using Excel spreadsheet) has been developed for the design of block type quay walls. QSAP has been prepared based on the rules of Turkish Seismic Design Codes for Coastal Structures, 2008. Reliability of this program is verified by a comparative study of Derince Port block type quay wall, damaged in Marmara earthquake (1999), with manual solution and field measurements. A newly introduced placement methodology &ldquo / Knapsack&rdquo / is also studied with QSAP and the results are compared with the conventional placement method.

<p>The convective drying of thin layers of multicomponentliquid mixtures into an inert gas, and the influence ofdifferent process controlling mechanisms on drying selectivityis studied. Drying experiments under gas-phase-controlledconditions are performed by low intensity evaporation, fromfree liquid surfaces, of ternary mixtures without non-volatilesolutes. Liquid-side-controlled experiments are carried out bydrying a multicomponent polymeric solution containing twovolatile components, one non-volatile polymer and an optionalnonvolatile softening substance.</p><p>Mathematical models to describe gas- andliquid-side-controlled drying based on interactive diffusion inboth liquid and gas phases as the main mechanisms for masstransfer are developed. For gas-phase-controlled drying, astability analysis of the ordinary differential equations thatdescribes the evaporation process is performed. Isothermal andnon-isothermal drying processes are considered in batch andcontinuous modes. The mathematical model to describe thecomposition profiles during batch drying of the polymeric film,considering liquid resistance, is solved numerically. Due tothe lack of experimental data, properties for this polymericsystem are estimated by using established methods. Ananalytical solution of the diffusion equation, by assuming anisothermal drying process and a constant matrix ofmulticomponent diffusion coefficients is developed. For thecontinuous case, liquid-side resistance is studied by modellingevaporation of a multicomponent falling liquid film into aninert gas including indirect heating.</p><p>The results of the gas-phase-controlled model are in goodagreement with experimental results. For the polymeric film,the agreement is only qualitative since the model does notaccount for a membrane that develops on the film surface. Thestability analysis permits the prediction of trajectories andfinal state of a liquid mixture in a gas-phase-controlleddrying process. For isothermal evaporation of ternary mixturesinto pure gas, the solutions are trajectories in the phaseplane represented by a triangular diagram of compositions. Thepredicted ternary dynamic azeotropic points are unstable orsaddle. On the other hand, binary azeotropes are stable whenthe combination of the selectivities of the correspondingcomponents is negative. In addition, pure component singularpoints are stable when they are contained within theirrespective isolated negative selectivity zones. Undernon-isothermal conditions, maximum temperature valuescharacterise stable azeotropes. Incremental loading of the gaswith one or more of the components leads to a node-saddlebifurcation, where a saddle azeotrope and a stable azeotropecoalesce and disappear. For continuous drying, the singularpoints are infinite and represent dynamic equilibrium pointswhose stability is mainly dependent on the ratio of inletgas-to-liquid flow rates. As long as the process isgas-phasecontrolled, these results also apply to a porous solidcontaining a liquid mixture.</p><p>In general, liquid-side control makes the drying processless selective but it is difficult to maintain this conditionduring the whole process. Under the influence of its owndynamics, a process starting as liquid-side-controlled tendstowards a gas-phase-controlled process. The presence ofnon-volatile components and indirect heating may delay thisdevelopment. Considering the evolution of the processcontrolling steps and its influence on selectivity, a modelaimed at describing the complete trajectory of a drying orevaporation process must include the coexistence of allrelevant mechanisms.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>ternary mixture, falling film, diffusionequation, gas-phase control, liquid-phase control, selectivity,stability analysis, polymeric solution, evaporation, azeotrope,batch drying, continuous drying.</p>

<p>Rational Krylov methods for model order reduction are studied. A dual rational Arnoldi method for model order reduction and a rational Krylov method for model order reduction and eigenvalue computation have been implemented. It is shown how to deflate redundant or unwanted vectors and how to obtain moment matching. Both methods are designed for generalised state space systems---the former for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems from finite element discretisations and the latter for single-input-single-output (SISO) systems---and applied to relevant test problems. The dual rational Arnoldi method is designed for generating real reduced order systems using complex shift points and stabilising a system that happens to be unstable. For the rational Krylov method, a forward error in the recursion and an estimate of the error in the approximation of the transfer function are studie.</p><p>A stability analysis of a heat exchanger model is made. The model is a nonlinear partial differential-algebraic equation (PDAE). Its well-posedness and how to prescribe boundary data is investigated through analysis of a linearised PDAE and numerical experiments on a nonlinear DAE. Four methods for generating reduced order models are applied to the nonlinear DAE and compared: a Krylov based moment matching method, balanced truncation, Galerkin projection onto a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) basis, and a lumping method.</p>

Σήμερα η ανάγκη για δημιουργία ποιοτικών και φθίνων και ανταγωνιστικών βιομηχανικών προϊόντων έχει σαν αποτέλεσμα να χρειαζόμαστε αυτοματισμούς και αυτόματο έλεγχο ηλεκτρικών μηχανών με μεγάλη ακρίβεια και αδιάλειπτη λειτουργία απο διαταραχές του περιβάλλοντος . Επιπλέον το ενεργειακό πρόβλημα που είναι από τα σπουδαιότερα προβλήματα του πλανήτη και του ανθρώπου σήμερα οδηγούν στην ανάγκη ελαχιστοποίησης των ενεργειακών απωλειών με αποτέλεσμα συνήθως να επιθυμούμε λειτουργία των ηλεκτρομηχανικών συστημάτων με μηδενική κατανάλωση/ παραγωγή άεργου ισχύος . Η Ηλεκτρική μηχανή συνεχούς ρεύματος με διέγερση σε σειρά χρησιμοποιείται λόγω των ιδιαίτερων χαρακτηριστικών της σε πολλές εφαρμογές που χρειάζονται υψηλή ροπή εκκίνησης όπως ανυψωτικά μηχανήματα, σιδηροδρομικά οχήματα. Οι ανορθωτές με ελεγχόμενη έναυση αλλά και σβέση κατά PWM προτιμούνται έναντι των διόδων και των θυρίστορς γιατί μας δίνουν περισσότερες δυνατότητες ελέγχου . Η Μοντελοποίηση , σχεδιασμός συστήματος ελέγχου, ευστάθειας του συστήματος για την μηχανή συνεχούς ρεύματος οδηγούμενης από τριφασικό ανορθωτή ερευνάται. Γίνεται εξαγωγή του μοντέλου, στο τριφασικό σύστημα και στο πλαίσιο park, με βάση την δυναμική ανάλυση Εuler -Lagrange . Για την εξαγωγή του μοντέλου γίνεται ακόμα χρήση του Averaging Analysis . Ανάλυση που βασίζεται στην παθητικότητα μάς δείχνει ότι το σύστημα είναι ευσταθές πεπερασμένης εισόδου-πεπερασμένης κατάστασης. Οι ελεγκτές που αναπτύσσονται σε αυτή τη εργασία είναι ο ασαφής ελεγκτής, ο νευροασαφής που χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως σε μη γραμμικά συστήματα στην βιομηχανία, ο PI σειριακός (cascade) ελεγκτής που συνηθίζεται στις ηλεκτρικές μηχανές. Τέλος επιχειρείται ο σχεδιασμός ενός PI ελεγκτή με υπολογισμό κερδών από νευροασαφή εκτιμητή. Ο ασαφής ελεγκτής σχεδιάζεται με πρόβλεψη σφάλματος και επιτυγχάνει πολύ καλή ρύθμιση των στροφών και καλό έλεγχο στης αέργου ισχύος, εξομοιώσεις επιβεβαιώνουν την απόδοση του ελεγκτή. Ομοίως ισχύουν για τον νευροασαφή ελεγκτή με το πλεονέκτημα μικρότερου υπολογιστικού χρόνου αλλά μειονεκτεί μεγαλύτερης εμφάνισης ενός μόνιμου σφάλματος. Ο PI σειριακός (cascade) επιτυγχάνει άριστη ρύθμιση αέργου ισχύος και καλή ρύθμιση στροφών ενώ ο PI casacde- Anfis μας δίνει ελαφριά καλύτερα αποτελέσματα αλλά αφήνει αρκετές δυνατότητες για περαιτέρω σχεδιασμό και έρευνα. Επίσης γίνεται κάποια ανάλυση για εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων ευστάθειας και σύγκλισης για τα σύστημα κλειστού βρόχου. Τα αποτελέσματα τα επιβεβαιώνουμε και τα συγκρίνουμε μέσω εξομοιώσεων. / Nowadays , the demand for precise control in industrial applications require the design and development of advanced controllers. Also the energy problem which is one of the most important global problems lead to the need of high energy efficient systems. In industrial applications in most cases ,due to the energy problem , we desire operation with unity power factor. The dc series connected motor is preferred in many application such as railway and levitating systems due to its high starting torque. We choose the 3 -phase pulse width modulation rectifier because of its many capabilities comparison with thyristor rectifiers. Modeling, control design and stability analysis of series connected dc motor fed by three-phase PWM ac/dc voltage converter are investigated. The designed controllers are fuzzy , neuro fuzzy, PI cascade and Anfis- pi cascade controller. The model is obtained via Euler -Lagrange dynamic analysis. Also we used the averaging analysis in order to determine the dynamic model of the system in a-b-c frame and d-q park's frame. We prove the ISS stability of the open loop system based on passivity analysis. The fuzzy use a predictive logic based on the acceleration of the motor, we result excellent precise control of angular velocity and a satisfied control of reactive power. Neuro Fuzzy controller has the same effectiveness with less computational effort but has a possibility to occur a small permanent error in angular velocity. PI cascade controller has as a result a excellent response at reactive power and good response in angular velocity with more less computational effort. ANFIS -PI cascade controller have a bit better results from PI-cascade controllers but it leaves hopes for more optimum designs in feature. Furthermore there are some stability and convergence analysis for the closed loop system. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of each controller for comparison.

Σκοπός της παρούσας Διατριβής Ειδίκευσης είναι η ανάλυση, η παρουσίαση και η αξιολόγηση των τεχνικογεωλογικών – γεωτεχνικών συνθηκών των οικισμών Καρυάς και Ν. Σουλίου του Δήμου Πατρέων, σε σχέση με την ευστάθεια των φυσικών πρανών και τις συνθήκες γεωλογικής καταλληλότητας για τις προς δόμηση περιοχές. Η εν λόγω περιοχή παρουσιάζει αξιόλογο ενδιαφέρον, λόγω των ιδιαίτερων και σύνθετων γεωλογικών συνθηκών, των συχνών και σημαντικών κατολισθητικών φαινομένων των τελευταίων ετών που προκάλεσαν σημαντικές καταστροφές σε τεχνικά έργα και ανθρώπινες περιουσίες, αλλά και λόγω της ραγδαίας οικιστικής ανάπτυξης που παρατηρείται τα τελευταία χρόνια στα περίχωρα της πόλης της Πάτρας. Στα πλαίσια της Διατριβής και της παράλληλης Έρευνας του Εργαστηρίου Τεχνικής Γεωλογίας στην περιοχή ενδιαφέροντος πραγματοποιήθηκε κατά τα τη χρονική περίοδο 2003-2005 λεπτομερής γεωτεχνική έρευνα που περιελάμβανε ανόρυξη δειγματοληπτικών γεωτρήσεων σε επιλεγμένες θέσεις με ταυτόχρονη τοποθέτηση αποκλισιομέτρων, συστηματική λήψη αποκλισιομετρικών μετρήσεων, σειρά εργαστηριακών και επί τόπου δοκιμών σε κατάλληλα διαμορφωμένα δείγματα, λεπτομερή καταγραφή των τεχνικογεωλογικών συνθηκών της περιοχής με βάση κυρίως τη σύσταση, τη δομή των γεωλογικών σχηματισμών και τη γενικότερη φυσική τους κατάσταση και συμπεριφορά, αλλά και σε φαινόμενα ευστάθειας των φυσικών πρανών, ιδιαιτέρως λόγω του σημαντικού ιστορικού κατολισθητικών κινήσεων στην περιοχή της Καρυάς τα τελευταία χρόνια. Μέσω της κατασκευής αντιπροσωπευτικών εδαφικών προσομοιωμάτων έγινε διάκριση των σχηματισμών της περιοχής έρευνας σε επιμέρους Γεωτεχνικές Ενότητες και σχεδιάστηκαν αντιπροσωπευτικές γεωτεχνικές – τεχνικογεωλογικές διατομές με σκοπό τη σύνθεση και ερμηνεία του γεωτεχνικού περιβάλλοντος της περιοχής. Παράλληλα πραγματοποιήθηκαν αναλύσεις ευστάθειας πρανών με χρήση εξειδικευμένου λογισμικού σε επιλεγμένες διατομές κατά μήκος των γεωτρήσεων, τόσο στην κατολισθαίνουσα ζώνη της Καρυάς, όσο και στην οικιστική ζώνη. Η σύνθεση των αποτελεσμάτων της γεωλογικής και γεωτεχνικής έρευνας οδήγησε στον προκαταρκτικό διαχωρισμό της περιοχής σε ζώνες κατάλληλες, ακατάλληλες ή κατάλληλες για δόμηση υπό προϋποθέσεις με σκοπό τη διασφάλιση του δομημένου περιβάλλοντος από φυσικούς κινδύνους ή κινδύνους προερχόμενους από ανθρώπινες επεμβάσεις και δραστηριότητες. / The aim of this ΜSc. Project is the presentation, the analysis and assessment of the geological and geotechnical conditions of the sub-urban regions of N. Souli – Karya, Patras, Western Greece. The study area is an area with complex geological conditions and is well known especially for the important and large-scale landslide phenomena which have taken place during the last years near Karya village. This project was done along with survey of the Laboratory of Engineering Geology, Geology Department, University of Patras. The full survey program included geological mapping focused on the engineering properties of the soil and rock formations, fifteen (15) sampling boreholes, inclinometer installation and measurement and laboratory tests. Through laboratory testing and detailed description of soil and rock samples the formations were classified in several units and several geotechnical cross-sections were constructed to make a general geological-geotechnical model of the study area. The geological and geotechnical data were used to perform Limit Equilibrium Slope Stability analysis. The survey results were used to divide the regions of Karya and N. Souli in some zones according to soil suitability for construction purposes.

No description available.

This thesis introduces a new modeling approach that allows very large power systems to be modeled on a real time electro-magnetic transients (EMT) digital simulator with reduced hardware costs. The key step in achieving this is the development of an improved wide-band multi-port equivalent, which reduces a large power network into a small manageable equivalent model that preserves wideband behaviors. This approach has a foundation method that use a two part equivalent in which the high frequency behavior of the equivalenced network is represented by a terminating frequency dependent network equivalent (FDNE), with the low frequency behavior being modeled using a detailed Transient Stability Analysis (TSA) model that only models the electromechanical behavior. This approach allowed the modelling of medium size electric regions up to hundreds of buses in real time. This thesis extends the equivalent by implementing a reduced order of the detailed electromechanical TSA equivalent mentioned above. Coherency based reduction is used for the electromechanical model of the power network to be equivalenced, and is implemented as a Transient Stability Analysis (TSA) type electromechanical equivalent. A challenge in implementing the FDNE is to ensure that it is a passive network, as otherwise its inclusion could lead to unstable simulation. This thesis also introduces a practical procedure to enforce passivity in the FDNE. The validity of the proposed technique is demonstrated by comparing the approach with detailed electromagnetic simulations of the well-known 39 bus New England system and a modified 39 bus system with an HVDC infeed with coupling between the dc line and an adjacent ac line, in addition to a 108 bus ac system. The power of the method is demonstrated by the real-time simulation of a large system with 2300 busses and 139 generators. It has been shown that this approach has the potential to increase by at least one order of magnitude the size of the network that can be modeled and thus on a real time electro-magnetic transients (EMT) digital simulator with reduced hardware costs.