The dissertation deals with the interplay of fiscal and monetary policy in face of uncertainty about the estimation of the true output gap. Theoretical framework of the dissertation set this interplay of monetary and fiscal policy into the realm of game theory, in particularly non-cooperative games of the Nash and Stackelberg equilibrium, respectively. The theoretical framework continued with a description of various methods used for estimation of potential output and output gap, with a special emphasis on methods used in both the Czech National Bank and Czech Ministry of Finance. In the applied part of the dissertation, I studied the interplay of monetary and fiscal policy in the case of Czech economy facing an uncertainty about the estimation of the true output gap. I studied the impact of this interplay on major macroeconomic variables and I tried to determine, which of these two policies plays the role of a leader and which plays the role of a follower in the case of Czech economic environment.

We consider a two-level supply chain involving a manufacturer and a retailer who serves as the quality gatekeeper. The manufacturer determines a wholesale price and a defective rate and announces his decisions to the retailer, who then makes her decisions on the retail price and identification rate that means the percent- age of the defects identified by the retailer and reflects the retailer’s gatekeeping effort on her quality assurance. We accordingly develop a leader-follower game and solve it to find Stackelberg equilibrium for the manufacturer and the retailer. In order to examine whether or not the supply chain benefits from the retailer's quality gatekeeping effort, we also develop and solve another leader-follower game where the manufacturer still announces its wholesale pricing and defective rate decisions but the retailer only decides on the retail price. We show that the manufacturer’s equilibrium defective rate for the game with the retailers gate-keeping is higher than that for the game without the retailer’s gatekeeping. The ratio of the manufacturers profit to the retailer’s profit is increased when the retailer serves as the gatekeeper. Moreover, the retailer reduces her price when she acts as the gatekeeper, if and only if the supply chain-wide cost decreases as a result of the retailer’s gatekeeping effort. We also perform sensitivity analysis of each parameter in our game models to further examine the impacts of the retailer’s gatekeeping on the manufacturer’s and the retailer’s decisions and profits. We find that the retailer’s penalty cost per defect has more significant impacts than the manufacturer’s unit penalty cost. The paper ends with a summary of managerial insights.

The present doctoral thesis has been realized in accordance with the research line of Economy and Regulation in Telecommunications under the doctoral programme in Telecommunications of Universitat Politècnica de València. It has been developed on the basis of various research projects, especially the "Cooperation and Opportunity for Wireless Heterogeneous Networks Project" (TIN2010-21378-C02-02), which acted as my funding agent and the "S2EuNet-Security Project" . Mobile communications have undergone notable growth from their beginning up to the present day regarding devices and bandwidth available. Service providers have now to take the challenge of such increase. New technologies are being implemented to address the challenge and all of them belong to the world of mobile communications. This thesis will focus on the solutions provided by heterogeneous nets (HetNets) and, more speci¿cally, we will look at the Small Cells technology. It is starting to be widely deployed lately and allows for a visible increase in network capacity and a resulting enhancement in availability and coverage on the user side. Abundant research has proved that the integration of these technologies within markets is technically feasible. A marketing model is however still necessary which is able to prove its economic viability. A business model was laid out where a provider sets out to deploy small cells technology and stands as an incumbent service provider. The Theory of Games was used for the analysis of such models as it allows an insight of the decisions in equilibrium when entering into a competition among themselves and try the decisions of users need to be predicted. In this way we will manage to know the effect of such decisions over the pro¿ts of all the agents in the model. A clear picture will be thus obtained of the advantages of the implementation of the new technology in the market as well as of its effects over the incumbent service providers. This thesis intends to be a contribution towards the implementation of new technologies in the market of mobile technologies through the analysis of the competence between new service providers of Small Cells and an incumbent service providers along with the behaviour of the users of mobile communications. The result show that: users get a better service, the SSP pro¿ts are guaranteed and the entrance of the SSP improves the user comfort and social welfare. / Esta tesis se ha creado en el marco de la línea de investigación de Economía y Regulación de las Telecomunicaciones del programa de doctorado de Telecomunicaciones de la Universitat Politècnica de València, y se ha desarrollado en diferentes proyectos de investigación, en especial, el proyecto de "Cooperación yOportunismo enRedesde Acceso Inalámbricas y Heterogéneas" (TIN2010-21378-C02-02) y el proyecto S2EuNet-Security (FP7PEOPLE-2009- IRSES, 247083). Desde sus inicios las comunicaciones móviles han experimentado un gran crecimiento, tanto de dispositivos móviles como de cantidad de ancho de banda demandado, lo que ha provocado que los proveedores se encuentren con el desafío de hacer frente a este crecimiento. Para ello, se están implementando diferentes técnicas y tecnologías que se integran con el modeloactualdecomunicacionesmóviles.Enestatesisnoscentraremosenla solución que aportan las redes heterogéneas, especialmente en la tecnología de Small cells que se desplegado rápidamente en los últimos años y permite incrementar la capacidad de la red, así como obtener mejor disponibilidad y cobertura para los usuarios, pero falta un modelo de negocio claro donde se muestre su viabilidad económica. En esta tesis se plantea un modelo de negocio para un proveedor de servicio que despliega small cells y que compite como el proveedor de servicios incumbente. Para el análisis de este modelo se ha utilizado la Teoría de Juegos la cual ha permitido conocer las decisiones en equilibrio que toman los proveedores de servicio cuando compiten entre sí, así como las decisiones en equilibrio de los usuarios; de esta manera se ha obtenido el efecto de estas decisiones sobre los bene¿cios de todos los agentes del modelo y se han identi¿cado las ventajas y los inconvenientes que tiene la implementación de una nueva tecnología en el mercado. Esta tesis pretende ser una contribución al estudio de implementación de nuevas tecnologías en el mercado de comunicaciones móviles, más concretamente planteando modelos económicos que estudien su viabilidad a través del análisis de la competencia entre un nuevo proveedor se servicio de Small cells y el proveedor de servicio existente, y el comportamiento de los usuarios de comunicaciones móviles. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los usuarios obtienen una mejor utilidad , el SSP siempre tiene unos bene¿cios garantizados, el MSP se ve obligado a competir y sus bene¿cios se ven perjudicados, además que la entrada del SSP mejora el bienestar de los usuarios y el bienestar social. / Aquesta tesi s'ha creat en el marc de la línia de recerca d'Economia i Regulació de les Telecomunicacions del programa de doctorat de Telecomunicacions de la Universitat Politècnica de València, i s'ha desenvolupat en diferents projectes de recerca, especialment, el projecte de Çooperació i Oportunisme en Xarxes d'Accés Sense ¿ls i Heterogènies"(TIN2010-21378-C02-02) i el projecte S2EuNet-Security (FP7PEOPLE-2009- IRSES, 247083). Des dels seus inicis les comunicacions mòbils han experimentat un gran creixement, tant de dispositius mòbils com de quantitat d'amplada de banda demandada, la qual cosa ha provocat que els proveïdors es troben amb el desa¿amentdeferfrontaaquestcreixement.Peraaixò,s'estanimplementant diferents tècniques i tecnologies que s'integren amb el model actual de comunicacions mòbils. En aquesta tesi ens centrarem en la solució que aporten les xarxes heterogènies, especialment a la tecnologia de Small cells que s'ha desplegat ràpidament en els últims anys i permet incrementar la capacitat de la xarxa, així com obtenir millor disponibilitat i cobertura per als usuaris, però falta un model de negoci clar on es mostre la seua viabilitat econòmica. En aquesta tesi es planteja un model de negoci per a un proveïdor de servei que desplega Small cells i que competeix com el proveïdor de serveis incumbent. Per a l'anàlisi d'aquest model s'ha utilitzat la Teoria de Jocs la qual ha permès conéixer les decisions en equilibri que prenen els proveïdors de servei quan competeixen entre si, així com les decisions en equilibri dels usuaris; d'aquesta manera s'ha obtingut l'efecte d'aquestes decisions sobre els bene¿cis de tots els agents del model i s'han identi¿cat els avantatges i els inconvenients que té la implementació d'una nova tecnologia al mercat. Aquesta tesi pretén ser una contribució a l'estudi d'implementació de noves tecnologies al mercat de comunicacions mòbils, més concretament plantejant models econòmics que estudien la seua viabilitat a través de l'anàlisi de la competència entre un nou proveïdor se servei de Small cells i el proveïdor de servei existent, i el comportament dels usuaris de comunicacions mòbils. Els resultats obtinguts mostren que els usuaris obtenen una millor utilitat, el SSP sempre té uns bene¿cis garantits, el MSP es veu obligat a competir i els seus bene¿cis es veuen perjudicats, a més que l'entrada del SSP millora el benestar dels usuaris i el benestar social. / Romero Chavarro, JC. (2017). Contribución al modelado y al análisis mediante Teoría de Juegos de la competencia entre operadores móviles en escenarios con tecnología "small cell" [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/85681

The contemporary Internet ecosystem today has gone through series of evolutionary changes during the last forty or fifty years. Though it was designed as a network with fixed nodes, it has scaled well enough with the development of new technologies both in fixed and wireless networks. Initially, the communication model of the Internet was based on the telephone network (and can be considered as the 1st Generation Internet). Later, its transition as a client-server model made it a network where communication systems exchange data over dedicated links. This 2nd Generation Internet, over the years, has been challenged by many problems and issues such as network congestion, path failure, DOS attacks, mobility issues for wireless networks, etc. The Internet users always look for some information, irrespectively where it is located or stored. This approach is the basic building block for a network architecture where information is considered as the premier entity. Such networks, in general, are termed as Information Centric Network (ICN), where information takes centric position superseding the node centric approach like in the current Internet. The problems faced by the current Internet architecture, mentioned above, can be handled with a unifying approach by putting the information at the centre of the network architecture. On a global scale, this network architecture design is termed as the Future Information Centric Internet. Similarly, Mobile Internet usage has increased overwhelmingly in the last decade. There has been an estimated 1.2 billion mobile broad-band subscriptions for 2.4 billion Internet users in 2011. Because of the increased spectrum efficiency and ubiquitous availability of cellular connectivity, the seamless mobility and connectivity is now considered as daily life commodity. However, in the case of the Internet, IP based mobility solutions cannot catch up in performance with the fast evolution of cellular networks. Therefore, one of the primary goals for the Future Internet is the design of mobility management schemes that overcome the issues in wireless networks such as handover and location management, multihoming, security, etc. In this thesis, we have proposed a mobility management solution in wireless networks in the context of ICN in general and in the context of Network of Information (NetInf) in particular. NetInf is ICN-based Future Internet architecture. We propose a NetInf Mobile Node (NetInf MN) architecture which is backward compatible with the current Internet architecture as well. This cross architecture design for mobility support works closely with Central Control Unit (CCU) (network entity) for improved performance in case of handover management in wireless networks. The Virtual Node Layer (VNL) algorithm explains how different modules of NetInf MN and CCU units work together. The game theoretical and Reinforcement Learning (CODIPAS-RL) scheme based mathematical model shows how handover management and data relaying in the wireless networks can increase the network coverage through cooperative diversity. Simulation results show that the proposed model achieves both Nash and Stackelberg equilibria where as the selected CODIPAS-RL scheme reaches global optimum. Finally, as a use case example of NetInf architecture, we propose the NetInf Email service that does not require dedicated servers or dedicated port unlike the current email service. The use of asymmetric keys as user's ID is the unique feature proposed for this service. The NetInf email service architecture framework presented, explains how different architectural components work together. We discuss different challenges and requirements related to this service. The prototype developed for the Network of Information will be used for the implementation of this service

No description available.

L'Internet d'aujourd'hui a traversé série de changements évolutionnaires dans les quarante ou cinquante dernières années. Il a été conçu pour un réseau avec des nœuds fixes. Au début, le modèle de communication de l'Internet a été basé sur le réseau téléphonique (considéré comme 1er Génération Internet). Plus tard, il a été mis à jour comme un modèle client-serveur où la communication des systèmes d'échanger des données sur des liaisons dédiées. Cette 2ème génération Internet, au cours des années, a été contestée par de nombreux problèmes tels que la congestion du réseau, panne de chemin, les attaques DOS, gestion de la mobilité pour les réseaux sans fil, etc. Les utilisateurs d'Internet recherchent toujours des informations, indépendamment de la localisation (nœud ou serveur) où il se trouve ou stockées. Cette approche est la base d'une architecture où l'information est considérée comme l'unité primaire. Ces réseaux, en général, sont appelés en tant que Network of Information (NetInf), où l'information prend une position centrée remplaçant l'approche centrée sur nœud comme dans l'Internet aujourd'hui. Les problèmes rencontrés par l'Internet aujourd’hui, mentionné ci-dessus, peuvent être traitées avec une approche unificatrice en mettant l'information au centre de l'architecture du réseau. À l'échelle mondiale, cette conception de l'architecture réseau est nommée « Future Information Centric Internet ». En parallèle, l'utilisation de l'Internet mobile a été augmentée durant la dernière décennie. Il a été environ 1,2 milliard abonnements de mobile broad band pour 2,4 milliards d’utilisateurs d'Internet en 2011. En raison d’augmentation de l'efficacité spectrale et ubiquitaire disponibilité de la connectivité cellulaire, la mobilité et la connectivité transparente est désormais considérée comme des produits de base la vie quotidienne. Néanmoins, en cas d'Internet, les solutions de mobilité basées sur IP ne peuvent pas rattraper son retard dans la performance avec l'évolution rapide des réseaux cellulaires. Par conséquent, l'un des principaux objectifs pour l'internet du futur est de concevoir des systèmes de gestion de mobilité qui permettent de surmonter les problèmes dans les réseaux sans fil tels que handover et la gestion de la localisation, multihoming, sécurité, etc. Dans cette thèse, nous avons proposé une solution de gestion de mobilité dans les réseaux sans fil dans le cadre du Information Centric Networking (ICN) en général et dans le contexte ne NetInf en particulier. NetInf est une architecture du Futur Internet basée sur le concept du ICN. Nous proposons un nœud mobile qui s’appelle NetInf Mobile Node (NetInf MN). L'architecture de ce nœud est compatible avec l'architecture d'Internet basée sur TCP/TP. Cette conception de l'architecture travaille en collaboration avec Central Control Unit (CCU) pour améliorer les performances en cas de handover dans les réseaux sans fil. La Virtual Node Layer (VNL) algorithme explique comment les différents modules de NetInf MN et des unités CCU travaillé ensemble. La modèle mathématique basé sur Théorie de Jeu et Renforcement Learning (CODIPAS-RL) montre comment handover et data relaying sont géré dans les réseaux sans fil. Les résultats des simulations montrent que le modèle proposé réalise à la fois de Nash et de Stackelberg équilibres alors que le CODIPAS-RL régime atteint un optimum global. Enfin, comme un exemple de cas d'utilisation de l'architecture NetInf, nous proposons le NetInf Email Service qui ne requiert pas des serveurs et ports dédiés contrairement au service e-mail existante. L'utilisation de clés asymétriques comme l'ID de l'utilisateur est la caractéristique unique proposée pour ce service. Le NetInf Email service architecture présenté, explique comment différents éléments architecturaux travail ensemble. Nous discuter des défis différents et des besoins relatifs à ce service. Le prototype développé pour NetInf sera utilisée pour la mise en œuvre de ce service / The contemporary Internet ecosystem today has gone through series of evolutionary changes during the last forty or fifty years. Though it was designed as a network with fixed nodes, it has scaled well enough with the development of new technologies both in fixed and wireless networks. Initially, the communication model of the Internet was based on the telephone network (and can be considered as the 1st Generation Internet). Later, its transition as a client-server model made it a network where communication systems exchange data over dedicated links. This 2nd Generation Internet, over the years, has been challenged by many problems and issues such as network congestion, path failure, DOS attacks, mobility issues for wireless networks, etc. The Internet users always look for some information, irrespectively where it is located or stored. This approach is the basic building block for a network architecture where information is considered as the premier entity. Such networks, in general, are termed as Information Centric Network (ICN), where information takes centric position superseding the node centric approach like in the current Internet. The problems faced by the current Internet architecture, mentioned above, can be handled with a unifying approach by putting the information at the centre of the network architecture. On a global scale, this network architecture design is termed as the Future Information Centric Internet. Similarly, Mobile Internet usage has increased overwhelmingly in the last decade. There has been an estimated 1.2 billion mobile broad-band subscriptions for 2.4 billion Internet users in 2011. Because of the increased spectrum efficiency and ubiquitous availability of cellular connectivity, the seamless mobility and connectivity is now considered as daily life commodity. However, in the case of the Internet, IP based mobility solutions cannot catch up in performance with the fast evolution of cellular networks. Therefore, one of the primary goals for the Future Internet is the design of mobility management schemes that overcome the issues in wireless networks such as handover and location management, multihoming, security, etc. In this thesis, we have proposed a mobility management solution in wireless networks in the context of ICN in general and in the context of Network of Information (NetInf) in particular. NetInf is ICN-based Future Internet architecture. We propose a NetInf Mobile Node (NetInf MN) architecture which is backward compatible with the current Internet architecture as well. This cross architecture design for mobility support works closely with Central Control Unit (CCU) (network entity) for improved performance in case of handover management in wireless networks. The Virtual Node Layer (VNL) algorithm explains how different modules of NetInf MN and CCU units work together. The game theoretical and Reinforcement Learning (CODIPAS-RL) scheme based mathematical model shows how handover management and data relaying in the wireless networks can increase the network coverage through cooperative diversity. Simulation results show that the proposed model achieves both Nash and Stackelberg equilibria where as the selected CODIPAS-RL scheme reaches global optimum. Finally, as a use case example of NetInf architecture, we propose the NetInf Email service that does not require dedicated servers or dedicated port unlike the current email service. The use of asymmetric keys as user's ID is the unique feature proposed for this service. The NetInf email service architecture framework presented, explains how different architectural components work together. We discuss different challenges and requirements related to this service. The prototype developed for the Network of Information will be used for the implementation of this service