M.Com. / This study examines the disclosure of depreciation in company financial statements. The following aspects were discussed: a) The nature of depreciation. Concepts for the measurement of depreciation can be 'classified under the following: depreciation as a process of cost allocation depreciation as a process of valuation depreciation as a reservation of funds for the replacement of assets. b) The measurement of depreciation. Both the depreciable amount ang the useful life of fixed assets are factors taken into consideration in the measurement of depreciation. The method applied in the measurement as well as the problems related to estimation are discussed. c) The revaluation of fixed assets. Maintenance of capital as the purpose of revaluation, the determination of such value and sUbsequent entry thereof into the financial records are contemplated. d) The disclosure fixed assets of depreciation and revaluation of in the financial statements of companies. The prerequisites according to generally accepted accounting practice are quoted and the application in practice of same subsequently viewed. The discussion clearly signifies that the relevant documents issued by the SA Institute of Chartered Accountants are clear and unambiguous. Yet, the requirements of disclosure contained in these documents are not adhered to in practice.

This article explores the use of presidential signing statements during the George W. Bush administration. Given the existence of united government for much of Bush's term in office, why could the Bush administration and Congress not reach agreements on issues where much common ground should have existed? Its principal argument contends that the administration's use of presidential signing statements constitutes a new and important tool in the executive's efforts to influence legislation and expand the powers of the presidency. The paper employs case study and interview-based research to explore why the Bush administration has chosen to pursue this unprecedented path. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

The credit grantor needs to make credit appraisals in deciding whether or not to extend credit to a corporation enterprise. The accounting statements (cash flow statement, funds flow statement, income statement and balance sheet) are the usual sources of such information. However, these statements contain different types of information and are capable of various interpretations. This study seeks to establish what types of information are or ought to be contained in these statements which would be of use to credit grantors, to evaluate the relevance and usefulness of such information for making credit decisions, and to suggest such modifications of present statements as appear desirable. The short-term creditor is primarily concerned with short-term solvency. The cash flow statement and the funds flow statement are two sources of information which are relevant. The long-term creditor's principal concern is long-term solvency. Future income flow is particularly indicative of long-term solvency. Present income is an index of the probable future income. The balance sheet is a statement listing the resources available which give rise to future income. Thus, the long-term creditor's primary interest is in the income statement and the balance sheet. His interest in short-term solvency and in the income statement is secondary and only to the extent that long-term solvency becomes irrelevant if an enterprise becomes insolvent in the interim period before payment, of his debt. Each of the terms "cash flow", "funds flow", "income" and "balance sheet" have several interpretations. The relevant accounting statements can each be prepared in various ways according to the interpretation of the respective terms. The information in the statement will vary accordingly. A proposal is made in this study to adopt "cash flow as historical changes in the cash account", "funds flow as the inflow and outflow of total resources or purchasing power", "income as measured according to the current operating concept of income", and "balance sheet as a listing of total resources available". An attempt is made to introduce into the respective statements such modifications as appear particularly relevant to the creditor for decision making. A model for each type of statement, based on the proposed interpretation and incorporating the suggested modifications, is illustrated in the study. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

M.Comm. (Financial Management) / The basic function of Accounting is to supply the user with useful quantitative financial information on the economic and social activities of the enterprise, as to help them achieve their goals in decision making. Employee activity is included in the above-mentioned activities. The conventional accounting approach to an asset has until now prevented accounting for the Labour Force as an asset in financial statements. This has the effect that the activity of the enterprises' most important asset is uncontrolled and unaccounted for. The purpose of this paper is to prove the importance of controlling and uniform accounting of the Labour Force, with specific reference to management controls, labour relations and productivity. Management control methods and audit procedures were investigated to grant credibility to the employee report. In chapter 2 the qualitative characteristics and requirements of information (financial statements) are investigated and in chapter 3 it is concluded that the Labour Force is indeed an asset. There is a definite need for information on the Labour Force. Regulation by means of to the manpower function is investigated and a possible audit program is proposed. In examining the current practice of disclosure it was found that no guideline exists and therefor no uniformity iri disclosure. This influences the usefulness of information as disclosed. Information is of no use if it is not comparable. To grant creditworthiness to the information an audit program and an audit report are proposed. Based on the usefulness of financial statements, a guideline on the disclosure of information on the Labour Force, should be established. No asset may remain unaccounted for and in our current political situation, education can benefit if information is disclosed regarding its employees. However the proposed guideline should concentrate on uniformity in disclosure. To enhance the credibility of such an employee report the enterprise may consider to subjecting it to auditing.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Commerce (Accountancy / Previous research findings suggest that companies within developed markets which report on environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues attract a long term oriented institutional investor base. Against this background, the purpose of this study was to assess whether this relationship holds true within an emerging market context. Using cross-sectional time series data for 114 Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) listed companies over the period 2012 to 2016, this study investigated whether the integration of ESG factors in investor decision making has resulted in investments being held into the long term by institutional investors and whether this relationship varies between different sectors of the JSE. The results were based on a regression analysis which was performed employing data from the Thomson Reuters ASSET4 platform as a proxy for ESG reporting scores against institutional investor shareholdings. The results did not indicate a statistically meaningful relationship between ESG reporting and the long term oriented institutional investor base even at the industry level. The results did not appear to be consistent with similar studies in developed markets, partly as a consequence of the JSE comprising greater quasi institutional investors as compared to dedicated investors. The results suggest that institutional investor’s commitment to the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment (UN PRI) and Code for Responsible Investing in South Africa (CRISA) is yet to translate into investments in JSE companies being held long term. These findings motivate for further academic analysis of ESG-long term investor relationship, to policy setters the results call for greater consideration to be given to policy changes or industry guidance in order to ensure that the objectives as set out by the UN PRI and CRISA are achieved. / NG (2020)

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Victoria University (Melbourne, Vic.), 2006. / Includes bibliographical references.