Mammalian cells can initiate intracellular signalling pathways that activate pro-survival changes to maintain their integrity following their exposure to a range of extracellular stresses. One group of changes preserves cellular integrity through the regulation of cytoskeletal organization. Despite the recognised importance of maintaining microtubule (MT) networks, the specific mechanisms regulating cytoskeleton organisation in response to stress remain relatively poorly explored. Among the numerous proteins that regulate MT organisation, stathmin (STMN) is a key MT destabilising protein that regulates MT disassembly through its ability to bind tubulin dimers. The actions of STMN can be regulated by a number of growth factor-activated and cell cycle regulatory protein kinases. In preliminary work, our studies suggest the potential regulation of STMN by c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) in cells exposed to stress. Specifically, we observed changes in STMN phosphorylation which were coordinated with JNK activation. / This project has explored the contribution of stress-activated c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) to STMN phosphorylation observed during osmotic stress. More detailed in vitro biochemical analysis has revealed that JNK directly phosphorylates STMN. In addition, we have compared STMN phosphorylation by different MAPK family member. In particular, our results illustrated that JNK predominantly phosphorylate STMN on serine residue 38 (S38) whereas ERK most likely targeted STMN S25. By examining specifically the phosphorylation of the four regulatory serine residues in vitro, we proposed a model of hierarchical phosphorylation among STMN serine residues. Specifically, our results demonstrated that phosphorylation of S38 was a pre-requisite for S25 phosphorylation by JNK in vitro. Furthermore, our results also demonstrated the impacts of JNK binding domain (JBD) and tubulin on STMN phosphorylation in vitro. Overall, this project identified STMN as a novel JNK substrate. The results have broadened our understanding on the JNK-mediated STMN phosphorylation as the first step to provide deeper insights into the different functions of JNK in the mammalian stress response.

My initial aim was a functional analysis of the conserved Op18/stathmin family of microtubule-regulators, which includes the ubiquitous cytosolic Op18 protein and the neural membrane-attached RB3 and SCG10 proteins. The solved X-ray structure has shown that these proteins form a complex with tubulin -heterodimers via two imperfect helical repeats, which result in two head-to-tail aligned heterodimers in a tandem-tubulin complex. We have analyzed GTP exchange and GTP hydrolysis at the two exchangeable GTP-binding sites (E-site) within the tandem-tubulin complex. A comparison of Op18, RB3 and SCG10 proteins indicates that Op18/Stathmin family proteins have evolved to maintain the two heterodimers in a configuration that restrains the otherwise potent GTPase productive interactions facilitated by the head-to-head alignment of heterodimers in protofilaments. We concluded from these studies that tubulin heterodimers in complex with Op18/stathmin family members are subject to allosteric effects that prevent futile cycles of GTP hydrolysis. To understand the significance of the large differences in tubulin affinity of Op18, RB3 and SCG10, we have fused each of the heterodimer-binding regions of these three proteins with the CD2 cell-surface protein to generate confined plasma membrane localization of the resulting CD2 chimeras. We showed that, in contrast to CD2-Op18, both the CD2-SCG10 and CD2-RB3 chimeras sequester tubulin at the plasma membrane, which results in >35% reduction of cytosolic tubulin heterodimer levels. However, all three CD2-chimeras, including the tubulin sequestration-incompetent CD2-Op18, destabilize interphase microtubules. Given that microtubules are in extensive contact with the plasma membrane during the interphase, these findings indicate that Op18-like proteins have the potential to destabilize microtubules by both sequestration and direct interaction with microtubules. Sm16/SmSLP (Stathmin-Like Protein) has been identified as a protein released during skin penetration of the Schistosoma mansoni parasite. This protein has been ascribed both anti-inflammatory activities and a functional similarity with the conserved cytosolic tubulin-binding protein stathmin/Op18. However, our studies refuted any functional similarity with stathmin/Op18 and we found instead that Sm16/SmSLP is a lipid bilayer binding protein that is taken up by cells through endocytosis. To study immuno-modulatory properties of Sm16/SmSLP, we designed an engineered version with decreased aggregation propensity, thus facilitating expression and purification of a soluble Sm16 /SmSLP protein from the eukaryotic organism Pichia pastoris. Determination of the hydrodynamic parameters revealed that both the recombinant and native Sm16/SmSLP is a ~9-subunits oligomer. The recombinant protein was found to have no effect on T lymphocyte activation, cell proliferation or the basal level of cytokine production of whole human blood or monocytic cells. Interestingly, however, recombinant Sm16 was found to potently inhibit the cytokine response to the Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Poly(I:C). Since Sm16 specifically inhibits degradation of the IRAK1 signaling protein in LPS stimulated monocytes, it seems likely that inhibition is exerted proximal to the TLR-complex.

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Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Wie bereits mehrfach in anderen Studien beschrieben (Falkenstein et al., 1991; Gehring et al., 1993; Holroyd & Coles, 2002) konnte ein signifikanter Unterschied im EEG nach richtigen Antworten im Vergleich zu Fehlern in einem Zeitfenster von -35 bis 108 ms und von 110 bis 450 ms gezeigt werden. Die als Differenz aus den negativsten beziehungsweise positivsten Peaks nach falschen und richtigen Antworten berechnete „error-related negativity“ (ERN) und „error positivity“ (Pe) als wichtigste Komponenten der Fehlerverarbeitung zeigten im Vergleich zu anderen Studien zwar geringere, aber trotzdem vergleichbare Werte. Um den Einfluss von genetischen Unterschieden auf die Fehlerverarbeitung deutlich zu machen, wurde in dieser Studie untersucht, inwieweit Polymorphismen des Dopamintransporters (DAT), der Catechol-O-Methyl-Transferase (COMT) und des Phosphoproteins Stathmin Einfluss auf die Ausprägung der ERN und der Pe nehmen. Bezüglich des DAT-Polymorphismus konnte ein signifikanter Einfluss weder auf die ERN noch auf die Pe nachgewiesen werden. Hier ist zu vermuten, dass der Polymorphismus den Dopaminhaushalt der Basalganglien nicht nennenswert beeinträchtigt und demnach keinen Einfluss auf die Fehlerverarbeitung hat. Im Hinblick auf den COMT – Polymorphismus zeigte sich zwar kein Effekt auf die ERN, bei der Pe konnte man allerdings signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen feststellen. Hier zeigten die homozygoten Träger des „val“ – Allels signifikant höhere Pe – Amplituden als die homozygoten Träger des „met“ – Allels. Heterozygote Personen lagen hinsichtlich der Pe – Amplitude zwischen den beiden anderen Gruppen. Dieser Effekt entspricht zwar nicht den Ergebnissen von anderen Studien (Egan et al., 2005; Frank et al., 2007), sollte aber dennoch Gegenstand weiterführender Forschung sein. Der Polymorphismus im Gen des Phosphoproteins Stathmin beeinflusste zwar die Amplitude der Pe nicht, zeigte aber signifikante Auswirkungen auf die ERN, wobei hier Träger des T-Allels signifikant kleinere ERN-Amplituden aufwiesen als Probanden, die dieses Allel nicht trugen. Allerdings wurde deutlich, dass dieser Effekt nach genauerer Analyse nicht stabil gegenüber Veränderungen war. Trotzdem ist davon auszugehen, dass dieser Polymorphismus die Funktion des ACC und damit auch die Fehlerverarbeitung beeinflusst, wodurch die Notwendigkeit weiterer Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiet des Phosphoproteins Stathmin gegeben ist. / As already published in several studies (Falkenstein et al., 1991; Gehring et al., 1993; Holroyd & Coles, 2002) a significant difference after correct answers compared to errors could be shown in EEG in a time window of -35 to 108ms and 110 to 450ms. The error related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) showed comparable values to other studies. To demonstrate the influence of genetic difference to the error processing, this study researched the influence of dopamine transporter (DAT), catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) and Stathmine to ERN and Pe. The DAT polymorphism does not have any significant influence to ERN and Pe. The COMT polymorphism shows no significant influence to ERN, but there is a significant influence to Pe. The genetic polymorphism of Stathmine does not have any impact on the amplitude of Pe but shows significant influence to ERN.

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