This paper analyses a panel data of 198 Czech municipalities for the period 2003-2015. The aim is to define determinants of municipalities' tax revenue budgeting errors using static panel data models with fixed and random effect. Czech municipalities have a tendency to underestimate both total and tax revenues. On average, budgeted tax revenues are about 7 % lower than collected revenues during the period under examination. Such action could entail less transparency in budgeting process. Results indicate that structure of tax revenues also plays a role in explaining forecast errors. Further, the analysis shows the impact of electoral cycle and macroeconomic variables on budget deviations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Hiroshi Mitushima.pdf: 505405 bytes, checksum: 407f21225d3d7cb8c6b1f84ae26228b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-10 / The study of capital structure is one of the main issues in Corporate Finance. Many researchers, in opposition to the propositions of Modigliani and Miller (1958), suggest that there is an optimal debt-equity ratio. Some authors say that the capital structure has a dynamic behavior and try to build models to identify the determinants of this dynamic capital structure. Some recent papers try to identify the variables that influence the speed of adjustment of capital structure. The objective of this research is to identify the determinants mentioned above in Brazilian companies, by analyzing the financial statements of companies listed in São Paulo Stock Exchange. The academic relevance of this study is to give an overview of the behavior of Brazilian companies regarding their optimal capital structure finding some information that can contribute to future researches. / A estrutura de capital das empresas é um dos principais assuntos estudados em Finanças Corporativas. Ao contrário do que propuseram Modigliani e Miller, em 1958, vários autores afirmam que existe uma relação ótima entre capital próprio e capital de terceiros para as empresas. Alguns deles propõem, ainda, que a estrutura de capital é dinâmica, e procuram estabelecer um modelo para identificar quais os seus determinantes. Além disso, em alguns estudos mais recentes, os autores tentam encontrar os fatores que influenciam na velocidade com a qual as empresas se dirigem à estrutura ótima. O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar tais fatores no mercado brasileiro, através de informações extraídas das demonstrações financeiras de empresas de capital aberto listadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (Bovespa). A relevância acadêmica consiste em proporcionar uma visão do comportamento das empresas brasileiras quanto à busca de uma estrutura ótima de capital, fornecendo algumas informações que poderão ser úteis para estudos posteriores acerca do assunto.

Los bancos tienen como principal actividad para generar ingresos a la creación de créditos; sin embargo, debido a la incertidumbre que enfrentan al realizar sus operaciones, se ven expuestos al riesgo de crédito. Lo anterior crea un impacto negativo en el desempeño y rentabilidad bancaria; de ahí la importancia de la gestión de riesgo de crédito para garantizar la solidez financiera de los bancos. La presente investigación busca determinar cómo la gestión del riesgo de crédito afecta a la rentabilidad de los bancos peruanos, debido a que en los últimos años se muestra que los principales indicadores de gestión de riesgo de crédito se están deteriorando. La estimación se realiza a través de una base de datos longitudinal y la aplicación de la metodología Datos de Panel de Efectos Fijos teniendo como variable endógena a la rentabilidad y como exógena a dos indicadores de gestión de riesgo de crédito: El ratio de la cartera morosa y el ratio de adecuación de capital. Los resultados obtenidos indican que una inadecuada gestión de riesgo de crédito de los bancos peruanos afecta negativa su rentabilidad, pero no los llevan hasta el punto de quebrar o generar grietas en el sistema bancario. Por último, un banco con mayor tamaño incrementa su rentabilidad, ya que invierte en mejores herramientas para mejorar su gestión de riesgo de crédito. / Banks have as their main activity to generate income to the creation of credits; however, due to the uncertainty they face when carrying out their operations, they are exposed to credit risk. This creates a negative impact on bank performance and profitability; hence the importance of credit risk management to guarantee the financial soundness of banks. This research seeks to determine how credit risk management affects the profitability of Peruvian banks, since in recent years it has been shown that the main indicators of credit risk management are deteriorating. The estimation will be made through a longitudinal database and the application of the Fixed Effects Panel Data methodology, taking profitability as endogenous variable and two credit risk management indicators as exogenous: the delinquent portfolio ratio. and the capital adequacy ratio. The results obtained indicate that an inadequate credit risk management of Peruvian banks negatively affects their profitability but does not lead them to the point of going bankrupt or generating cracks in the banking system. Finally, a larger bank increases its profitability, as it invests in better tools to improve its credit risk management. / Trabajo de investigación