No description available.

No description available.

To produce cast steel crankshafts, risering and gating systems are developed. Filling and solidification simulations of the steel crankshaft rigging are carried out to confirm that the rigging developed will produce a low porosity casting. A sand mold is created with Computer-aided design software, based on the developed crankshaft and rigging. Two prototype crankshafts are cast from the sand molds, and analyzed for porosity. The porosity analysis results are compared directly to the simulated porosity, and found to be in good agreement. From the analysis of the prototype crankshaft, rigging systems for a two-on and single-throw crankshaft are developed. A new casting method for steel is developed. The counter-gravity with pressurization during solidification casting method utilizes vacuum pressure of 7.3 psia to draw liquid steel into a mold, where it is held until the inlet has solidified. Once the inlet has solidified, the vacuum pressure is released, and the pressure of the entire system is raised to 45 psia. Exothermic hot topping keeps the top of the riser liquid while the rest of the casting forms a solid shell. Therefore, the pressure only acts on the liquid metal at the top of the riser, forcing the liquid metal to feed farther into the casting. The new method is tested with simple bar castings. Analysis of cast bars shows that centerline porosity is fed by the riser when pressurized, while the gravity-filled control casting is not.

Cross frames are critical for the stability of straight and curved steel bridges. Conventional cross frames are often fabricated from steel angles which are welded to gusset plates through one leg only. Due to this eccentric connection, these angles have substantial bending at the connection that can reduce the member stiffness and can potentially decrease fatigue performance. Because of the low buckling strength, cross frames with angle diagonals are often designed as tension-only systems, therefore increasing the necessary steel to be an effective brace. Improved behavior may result if concentric members are utilized. The increased buckling strength of tubes and double angles results in effective members in both compression and tension, and a single diagonal cross frame can provide effective bracing; however, a suitable connection must be developed. Tubes are often connected by slotting the tube in the center and welding to a gusset plate, which requires precise fabrication. Two proposed solutions that would connect easily to the ends of the member and seal the end of the tube include a steel casting and a T-stem connection. The dissertation studies the development of a steel casting for use in cross frame design and evaluates the performance of the various details described herein in regards to stiffness, strength, and fatigue. Additionally, the dissertation covers the behavior of single angle X and K frame configurations. To date, the determination of the single angle fatigue detail has been largely based on component tests only. The project incorporated full-scale cross frame fatigue tests to fully examine the interaction of the cross frame members with the overall structure. Results from currently used details and proposed connections provide insight to the live load behavior of these braces and multiple recommendations are made to improve the fatigue life. The project examined the stiffness behavior of current and proposed cross frame layouts with large-scale laboratory tests and computational modeling. From these results, a case study compares the fatigue analysis of a commercial structural software package to the stress ranges obtained in a three-dimensional finite element model. Suggestions on how to properly model the cross frames are given. / text

Im Rahmen der Dissertation wurde eine Fertigungstechnologie entwickelt, die die Überleitung des Stahlniederdruckgießverfahrens (3CAST) in die Produktion und somit die Erzeugung des dünnwandigen Stahlgusses ermöglicht. Die konventionellen Stahlgusswerkstoffe sowie ihre Gießbarkeit und Wärmebehandlung wurden untersucht und an die Besonderheiten des neuen Verfahrens und dünnwandigen Stahlgusses angepasst. Auf der Basis von schon existierenden Gießtechnologien wurde eine Formträgertechnologie (FTTech) entwickelt, die unter Berücksichtigung ökologischer Aspekte eine hohe Gussteilqualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit des Gießverfahrens sichert. Die gewonnen Ergebnisse wurden anhand eines Formträgerprototyps unter produktionsnahen Bedingungen erfolgreich erprobt. Somit ist eine Grundlage für den bei der Fa. Evosteel GmbH geplanten Aufbau der Fertigungstechnologie zur Serienproduktion von komplexen dünnwandigen Stahlgussteilen geschaffen.

Im Rahmen der Dissertation wurde eine Fertigungstechnologie entwickelt, die die Überleitung des Stahlniederdruckgießverfahrens (3CAST) in die Produktion und somit die Erzeugung des dünnwandigen Stahlgusses ermöglicht. Die konventionellen Stahlgusswerkstoffe sowie ihre Gießbarkeit und Wärmebehandlung wurden untersucht und an die Besonderheiten des neuen Verfahrens und dünnwandigen Stahlgusses angepasst. Auf der Basis von schon existierenden Gießtechnologien wurde eine Formträgertechnologie (FTTech) entwickelt, die unter Berücksichtigung ökologischer Aspekte eine hohe Gussteilqualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit des Gießverfahrens sichert. Die gewonnen Ergebnisse wurden anhand eines Formträgerprototyps unter produktionsnahen Bedingungen erfolgreich erprobt. Somit ist eine Grundlage für den bei der Fa. Evosteel GmbH geplanten Aufbau der Fertigungstechnologie zur Serienproduktion von komplexen dünnwandigen Stahlgussteilen geschaffen.:1 Einleitung 2 Stand der Technik „Fertigung dünnwandiges Stahlgusses“ 2.1 Stahlgusswerkstoffe 2.2 Metallurgische Erzeugung 2.3 Gießtechnologie 2.3.1 Schwerkraftguss 2.3.2 Gegenschwerkraftguss 2.3.3 Druckguss 2.3.4 Schleuderguss 2.4 Formtechnologie 2.4.1 Dauerformen 2.4.2 Verlorene Formen 2.4.2.1 Tongebundene Formen 2.4.2.2 Technologie der kalthärtenden Formstoffe 2.4.2.3 Technologie der warmhärtenden Formstoffe 2.4.2.4 Feinguss 2.4.2.5 Vollformguss 2.4.2.6 Vakuumformverfahren 2.4.3 Stützschalenverfahren 2.5 Wärmebehandlung 2.6 Dünnwandiger Stahlguss 2.6.1 Erzeugung 2.6.2 Anwendungsgebiete 3 Aufgaben und Zielstellung der Arbeit 4 Werkstoffentwicklung 4.1 Werkstoffauswahl 4.2 Probenentwicklung 4.3 Untersuchung des Erstarrungs- bzw. Abkühlungsvorganges 4.3.1 Versuchsdurchführung 4.3.2 Ergebnisse der Untersuchung 4.3.3 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 4.4 Wärmebehandlung und Ermittlung mechanischer Eigenschaften 4.4.1 Versuchsdurchführung 4.4.2 Ergebnisse der Untersuchung 4.4.3 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 5 Entwicklung der Formtechnologie 5.1 Konzepterarbeitung 5.1.1 Kernpaket 5.1.2 Formträger 5.1.3 Konturnaher Formträger 5.1.4 Formträger mit Formhinterfüllung 5.2 Vorversuch 5.2.1 Versuchsdurchführung 5.2.2 Ergebnisse der Untersuchung 5.2.3 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 5.3 Entwicklung des Formträgerprototyps 5.3.1 Konstruktion des Formträgerprototyps 5.3.2 Erprobung des Formträgerprototyps 5.3.3 Ergebnisse der Untersuchung 5.3.4 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 5.4 Formstoffentwicklung 5.4.1 Untersuchungen zur Einsetzbarkeit verschiedener Formgrundstoffe 5.4.1.1 Untersuchte Formgrundstoffe 5.4.1.2 Eigenschaften der untersuchten Formgrundstoffe 5.4.1.3 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 5.4.1.4 Gießtechnologische Untersuchungen 5.4.1.5 Ergebnisse der gießtechnologischen Untersuchungen 5.4.1.6 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 5.4.2 Untersuchungen zur Einsetzbarkeit verschiedener Bindersysteme 5.4.2.1 Cold-box-Verfahren 5.4.2.2 Resol-CO2-Verfahren 5.4.2.3 Beach-Box-Verfahren 5.4.2.4 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 5.5 Entwicklung des Formstoffüberzuges 5.5.1 Laboruntersuchungen 5.5.2 Gießtechnologische Untersuchungen 5.5.3 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 5.6 Entwicklung des Formhinterfüllmateriales 5.6.1 Vorversuch mit Formträgerprototyp 5.6.2 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 5.6.3 Entwicklung des Formhinterfüllmateriales 5.6.4 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 6 Wirtschaftliche Betrachtung der entwickelten Technologie 7 Beiträge zur Verbesserung der Umweltbedingungen 8 Zusammenfassung

Im Rahmen des Symposiums gaben Vertreter weltweit agierender Konzerne, wie Audi AG, voestalpine Gießerei Linz, Alstom AG und SITEC GmbH Einblick in ihre Forschungs­aktivitäten im Bereich Mobilität, Energietechnik, Medizintechnik und Sondermaschinenbau. Die schweißtechnischen Institute der Universitäten Aachen, Braunschweig, Clausthal, Dresden, Magdeburg und Graz gaben einen Überblick über universitäre Forschungs­aktivitäten.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:46:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_lhd_dr_guara.pdf: 2379670 bytes, checksum: 1a59c87cd9293dbd93fa101676adf89e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O grande número de variáveis envolvidas no processo de fundição de aço o torna muito susceptível a ocorrência de defeitos relacionados à solidificação como rechupes e poros, que elevam o custo de fabricação devido ao sucateamento e retrabalho de peças. Explorando oportunidades neste cenário, esta Tese de Doutorado, desenvolvida dentro do ambiente industrial de uma fundição de aço propõe um modelo matemático capaz de predizer a combinação de níveis de variáveis de processo que minimizam a ocorrência de rechupes e poros relacionados à solidificação em peças fundidas em aço ABNT 1030, moldadas em areia com aglomerante químico e vazamento por gravidade. Empregou-se, no desenvolvimento do trabalho o Planejamento Estatístico de Experimentos com fatorial fracionado na fase exploratória e o método de Taguchi para validação final e desenvolvimento do Modelo matemático. Na fase de validação, utilizou-se um arranjo ortogonal L16 com quatro réplicas. Na fase exploratória, avaliou-se o volume de defeito em uma peça de produção normal da fundição. Na fase de validação, desenvolveram-se corpos de prova em forma de cubo, vazados sem alimentação. Depois de produzidos, os corpos de prova passavam por ensaio de ultrassom para identificação e localização do defeito e corte de serra, para posterior medição do volume do defeito. O sistema de medição foi validado por meio de um estudo de Análise do Sistema de Medição – MSA GR&R. Os resultados dos experimentos mostraram uma grande diferença entre a contração teórica prevista na literatura de 5,5% para o aço estudado para 2% determinado experimentalmente. As variáveis que mais influenciaram no tamanho do defeito foram: o percentual de carbono queimado no processo de elaboração do aço, percentual de alumínio na liga, percentual de óxido de ferro na areia de moldagem e a interação entre... / The number of variables involved in the steel foundry process makes it susceptible to the occurrence of defects related to the solidification, like shrinkages and pores. This charge the foundries scrap and rework costs. Exploring the opportunities at this context, this Thesis, developed inside an industrial environment of a steel foundry, purposes a mathematic model capable to predict the combination of levels of variables that minimizes the occurrence of shrinkage and pores in carbon steel cast parts, through no-bake sand molding and gravity pouring processes. Statistical Design of Experiments with fractional and factorial at the screening step and Taguchi Method for the final validation and development of the mathematic model were used. A L16 orthogonal array with four replicates was used in the validation step. The defect volume inside a regular cast part was evaluated in the screening step. In the validation step, cube form specimens were designed, poured without feeders and ultrasound tested to bound the defect then saw cut to measure the defect’s volume. In order to the validation of the measurement system, a MSA – Measurement Systems Analysis and Gauge R & R - Gauge Repeatability and Reproducibility were used. The experiments results shown a considerable difference between the theoretical expected contraction, 5.5%, and the 2% experimentally determined. The variables that influenced the defect size the most were: the carbon drop in the steel making, the Aluminum content of the alloy, the Black Iron Oxide content of the molding sand and the interaction between the pouring temperature and the carbon drop. The mathematic model was validated by experiments, which showed a good performance in the prediction of defects.

The work deals with the occurrence of cracks and fissures in the massive steel castings produced in the ŽĎAS a.s. foundry which create in castings through the elimination of the extension. The influence on the final deoxidation on the creation of fissures and cracks is researched at the experimental samples. The beginning of the work is about teoretical analysis of these defects. Next it is described the place of the collection of these samples their chemical composition and cracks identification. After that it is evaluated the appearance of various defects in connection with modificatory and deoxidation additive, observation of experimental material with the microscope and the results of mechanical tests. The conclusion of the work belongs to sum up the individual results and proposal of optimal procedure.

This thesis is dedicated to the field of manufacture of heavy steel castings with resulting properties which are influenced by long solidification time. During the long solidification time a segregation process of additives in the steel occurs which results in numerous metallurgical defects. The work was intended to observe the macrosegregation effects in the wall of a heavy experimental steel casting respectively a part of a real superheavy casting intended for cement furnaces (weight 210 t). The steel casting for the research was manufactured in the joint-stock company of VHM where such heavy castings are commonly produced for the market. The supplied piece of the steel casting was cut into the smaller pieces for the better examination. The examination resulted in information about the casting macrostructure and chemical heterogeneity of chosen elements in the casting wall. The heterogeneity of the chosen elements (C, Mn, Si, Cr, S, P) is clearly shown in the worked out visual concentration maps. Based on the experimental data the measured results of segregations were confronted with the results of segregation modelling with the use of the commercial simulation software ProCAST. It resulted in the conclusion that the prediction of segregations is not in accordance with the reality. Furthermore, the results from the experimental casting are shortly compared with previously manufactured castings of the same type and the results summarizing the found range of macrosegregations of the tested sample are interpreted in the work conclusion.