Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:37:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 05333.pdf: 6187094 bytes, checksum: f2e70bb302111d70efab851a434597e9 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:50:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 10457.pdf: 13419642 bytes, checksum: 823b4f1fc4fdfe5858d116b42196a9c2 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / No presente trabalho foi realizada uma análise de dois padrões de aço inoxidável ferrítico submetidos à ação de lasers pulsados, um no regime de nanosegundos e outro no regime de femtosegundos. Foram determinadas as temperaturas e densidades do plasma formado a partir da análise espectroscópica da radiação emitida em diferentes faixas espectrais, por diferentes espécies e em diferentes janelas de integração no tempo. As temperaturas foram obtidas de duas formas, pelo método do gráfico de Boltzmann e pela razão entre duas linhas. Os resultados foram comparados com o intuito de verificar se o método da razão conseguia recuperar os resultados obtidos pela abordagem do gráfico de Boltzmann. Foi observada uma grande concordância entre os dois métodos no regime de femtosegundos, ao passo que no regime de nanosegundos a recuperação das temperaturas não foi tão satisfatória. A densidade eletrônica do plasma foi determinada a partir do alargamento Stark e verificou-se que o plasma gerado pelo laser de nanosegundos era mais denso que aquele gerado no regime de femtosegundos. As densidades determinadas sob diferentes janelas de integração do sinal no tempo foram também comparadas sendo que aquelas relativas aos estágios iniciais do plasma eram maiores que aquelas de estágios finais. Com a obtenção das temperaturas e das densidades foi possível caracterizar totalmente o plasma e compará-lo com outros plasmas naturais e artificiais. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Submitted by Maria Eneide de Souza Araujo (mearaujo@ipen.br) on 2015-02-20T19:46:12Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-20T19:46:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A causa imediata do acidente na usina nuclear de Fukushima Daiichi de março de 2011 foi o derretimento do núcleo do reator. Durante este processo, o zircônio do revestimento do combustível reagiu com a água, produzindo uma grande quantidade de hidrogênio. Esse hidrogênio, combinado com os materiais radioativos voláteis, vazou do vaso de contenção e entrou no edifício de reator, resultando em explosões. No passado, o aço inoxidável foi utilizado como revestimento em muitos reatores de água pressurizada (PWR), e seu desempenho sob irradiação foi excelente; entretanto, o aço inoxidável foi substituído por uma liga à base de zircônio como material de revestimento, principalmente devido à sua mais baixa seção de choque de absorção de nêutrons. Hoje, o revestimento de aço inoxidável aparece novamente como uma possível solução para problemas de segurança relacionados a explosão e a produção de hidrogênio. O objetivo desta tese de doutorado é discutir o desempenho sob irradiação de varetas combustíveis usando aço inoxidável como material de revestimento. Os resultados mostram que varetas de aço inoxidável exibem temperaturas mais baixas no combustível e maiores larguras da folga pastilha-revestimento do que as varetas revestidas por Zircaloy e essa folga não fecha durante a irradiação. O desempenho térmico das duas varetas combustíveis é muito semelhante, e a penalidade de maior absorção de nêutrons em razão do uso de aço inoxidável pode ser compensada pela combinação de um pequeno aumento no enriquecimento do U-235 e modificações no tamanho do espaçamento entre as varetas combustíveis. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

This diploma thesis deals with segregation cycles in austenitic CrNi steels. In first section deals with theory of macrosegregation and microsegregation cycles. The second part is focused on this cycles in experimental casting. Macrosegregation was measured by spectrometric analyser and by MAGMA simulation program. Microsegregation was measured by electron microscope. The aim of this diploma thesis is verify the influence of setting conditions on heterogenity chemical composition in austenitic CrNi steel. For experimental casting with a wall thickness of about 500 mm will be verified effect of the setting time, residence time between solid and liquid phases and others parameters for macrosegregation and microsegregation in selected elements.

The master thesis deals with processes of segregation in austenitic-ferritic stainless steels. The introductory part consists of characteristics features of austenitic-ferritic steels and theoretical analysis of segregation processes. The second part shows practical measurements of segregation in experimental casting. Macrosegregation was measured on a spectrometric analyzer and simultaneously solved in the simulation program MAGMA. The aim of this thesis is to verify the effect of solidification time and dwell time between liquidus and solidus temperature on the chemical heterogeneity of duplex stainless steel casting of about 500 [mm]. Chemical heterogeneity was solved for selected alloying and accompanying elements such as C, Mo, Ni, Mn, Cr. The microsegregation was not addressed. Comparison of the mechanical properties of cast and heat treated duplex steel was done by tensile testing of samples cut from the center of the casting.

No description available.

Secondary hardening ultra-high strength (SHUHS) steels possess a unique combination of strength, fracture toughness and stress corrosion cracking resistance, which makes them candidate materials for aircraft landing gear and armour applications. There is a sustained drive to develop stronger and tougher materials for such applications. The objectives of this thesis are two-fold: first, to develop a new SHUHS alloy that is stronger than the existing SHUHS steel developed at Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL), Hyderabad and second, to establish processing-structure-property correlations for the new alloy. Empirical design and development of these complex steels involves enormous effort, cost, time and materials resources. To avoid this, a semi-empirical approach was espoused in this thesis wherein thermodynamic calculations using ThermoCalc were conducted to computationally design a series of alloys with varying levels of Cr and Mo. The design space was constrained by two objectives related to M2C carbides which are the primary cause of secondary hardening in these alloys. The first objective was to increase the amount of M2C to increase the peak strength, while the second objective was to lower the Cr/Mo ratio of the M2C to control its over-ageing behavior. Two new alloys C23 (with 2Cr-3Mo, wt. %) and C55 (with 5Cr-5Mo, wt. %) and a base alloy akin to the DMRL SHUHS steel, C21 were selected for experimental validation. These alloys were melted, rolled and subjected to a battery of heat treatments. Austenitization studies revealed that the new alloys required higher austenitization temperatures to dissolve primary carbides. However such a treatment also resulted in an austenite composition that was not conducive for obtaining a fully martensitic microstructure on quenching. Based on these studies, the design space was modified to include additional criteria related to the Ms and precipitate dissolution temperatures. C55 failed to clear either criteria, while C23 cleared both, and so tempering studies were limited to C23. Isochronal tempering studies revealed that C23 in the peak aged condition was >10% stronger than C21 indicating that the alloy design objective of strength enhancement was achieved successfully. Microstructural characterization revealed that the strength enhancement was due to the higher number density and volume fraction of the M2C-like solute clusters in C23, which resist shearing in the under-aged condition and strengthen by Orowan mechanism in the over-aged condition. This thesis has successfully demonstrated that the design paradigm of enhancing strength by increasing the amount of M2C is justified and that ThermoCalc can be used to as an objective-oriented alloy design tool in this class of the steels.