Postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (PEP) is the most common complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (ERCP). No randomized controlled trial (RCT) has compared the efficacy of the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy recommended interventions for PEP prevention. We assessed the effectiveness of these interventions using network meta-Analysis. PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched to identify RCTs investigating guideline-recommended interventions and their combinations [rectal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): indomethacin or diclofenac, pancreatic stent (PS), aggressive hydration (AH), sublingual nitrate) for PEP prevention. We performed direct and Bayesian network meta-Analysis, and the surface under the cumulative ranking curve to rank interventions. Subgroup network meta-Analysis for high-risk populations was also performed. We identified a total of 38 RCTs with 10 different interventions. Each intervention was protective against PEP on direct and network meta-Analysis compared with controls. Except AH+diclofenac and NSAIDs+ sublingual nitrate, AH+indomethacin was associated with a significant reduction in risk of PEP compared with PS [odds ratio (OR), 0.09; credible interval (CrI), 0.003-0.71], indomethcin+PS (OR, 0.09; CrI, 0.003-0.85), diclofenac (OR, 0.09; CrI, 0.003-0.65), AH (OR, 0.09; CrI, 0.003-0.65), sublingual nitrate (OR, 0.07; CrI, 0.002-0.63), and indomethacin (OR, 0.06; CrI, 0.002-0.43). AH with either rectal NSAIDs or sublingual nitrate had similar efficacy. AH+indomethacin was the best intervention for preventing PEP with 95.3% probability of being ranked first. For high-risk patients, although the efficacy of PS and indomethacin were comparable, PS had an 80.8% probability of being ranked first. AH+indomethacin seems the best intervention for preventing PEP. For high-risk patients, PS seems the most effective strategy. The potential of combination of interventions need to be explored further.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20797号 / 医博第4297号 / 新制||医||1025(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 湊谷 謙司, 教授 齊藤 博英, 教授 Shohab YOUSSEFIAN / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Embolic events from infective endocarditis can cause acute coronary syndrome. Mortality rate is high and optimal management might be different from those chosen in setting of classic atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. We present a case of 56-year-old male who had received 5 weeks of antibiotics for aortic valve endocarditis and developed acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in hospital settings. Interestingly, patient had recent left heart catheterization that was normal. This was recognized as embolic event from sterile vegetation. Patient was managed with balloon angioplasty and placement of intracoronary stent. Following re-vascularization, patient chest pain and electrocardiogram normalized and he improved in short term. However due to multiple comorbidities he had to be intubated and placed on dialysis.

From clinical studies it is well known that atherosclerosis has preferred locations in the vascular system, primarily sited in the carotid arteries, coronary arteries, and in vessels supplying the lower extremities in the arterial system. In the vicinity of bifurcations flow tends to separate forming re-circulation regions. In addition, due to the pulsatile character of blood flow during the deceleration part of the cycle, the flow becomes unstable and transition to turbulence may occur. Vascular stents provide a novel method in treatment of atherosclerotic vessels. Although stents have dramatically decreased the re-stenosis rate of vessels compared to balloon-angioplasty, restenosis still occurs in 25-30% of coronary implanted stents. Understanding how stents influence flow patterns may lead to more hemodynamically compatible stent designs that alleviate thrombus formation and promote endothelialization. The first study employed time-resolved Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) to compare the hemodynamic performance of two stents in a compliant vessel. The first stent was a rigid insert, representing an extreme compliance mismatch. The second stent was a commercially available nitinol stent with some flexural characteristics. DPIV showed that compliance mismatch promotes the formation of a ring vortex in the vicinity of the stent. Larger compliance mismatch increased both the size and residence time of the ring vortex, and introduced in-flow stagnation points. These results provide detailed quantitative evidence of the hemodynamic effect of stent mechanical properties. Better understanding of these characteristics will provide valuable information for modifying stent design in order to promote long-term In the second study, DPIV was utilized to explore the fluid dynamics phenomena in a symmetric compliant bifurcation. We studied the effects of the Womersley and the Reynolds numbers under pulsatile flow conditions. New insight of the fluid mechanics is revealed. The flow topology results indicate that the formation of coherent vortices in the vicinity of the bifurcation apex is governed by physical process that dictates the energy and strength of the formed vortices. This is manifested by the identification of a characteristic dimensionless time-scale that combines the impulsive vortex formation with the inertia of the unsteady flow. / Master of Science

No description available.

La genèse d’un anévrysme intracrânien n’est pas uniquement due à un effet mécanique mais à un ensemble d’éléments biologiques. Parmi eux, le thrombus intra-anévrysmal a un rôle majeur car il est le site d’activation de nombreuses métalloprotéinases et d’une protéolyse importante. Cependant, le thrombus du sac anévrysmal est également un substrat indispensable à la cicatrisation des anévrysmes après traitement endovasculaire car il sert de support à la recolonisation de l’anévrysme par des cellules mésenchymateuses. Dans les différents travaux présentés dans cette thèse, nous avons pu analyser une partie des phénomènes biologiques impliqués dans le succès ou l’échec des traitements endovasculaires. Les travaux présentés sont basés sur des expérimentations dans le modèle d’anévrysme à l’élastase chez le lapin et traités par coils, flow-diverters ou dispositifs intra-sacculaires (WEB). Ces travaux permettent de mieux comprendre les mécanismes biologiques mis en jeu par les différents traitements endovasculaires. L’analyse de ces phénomènes est indispensable pour comprendre les causes d’échec, mais aussi afin de développer de nouveaux outils biologiquement actifs pour le traitement des anévrysmes intracrâniens. Nous proposons ainsi le développement de stents flow-diverters biologiquement actifs. Nous proposons également trois approches différentes de thérapie cellulaire par voie endovasculaire, utilisant des cellules souches mésenchymateuses autologues, permettant une recolonisation du thrombus intraanévrysmal et une cicatrisation accélérée de l’anévrysme. Au total, le traitement des anévrysmes intracrâniens ne peut plus être basé uniquement sur des considérations mécaniques. Le développement des futurs dispositifs endovasculaires devra inclure une dimension biologique pour optimiser la cicatrisation complète des anévrysmes intracrâniens. / The genesis of an intracranial aneurysm is not only due to a mechanical effect but to a set of biological elements. Among them, intra-aneurysmal thrombus plays a major role, as it is the site of activation of many metalloproteinases and an important site of proteolysis. However, the thrombus of the aneurysmal sac is also crucial for the healing of the aneurysm after endovascular treatment, because it serves as a support for the recolonization of the aneurysm by mesenchymal cells. In the various works presented in this thesis, we analyzed some of the biological phenomena involved in the success or failure of endovascular treatments. The presented works are based on experiments in the elastase aneurysm model in the rabbit and treated with coils, flow-diverters or intra-saccular devices. This work enables to better understand the biological mechanisms involved in the various endovascular treatments. The analysis of these phenomena is essential to understand the causes of failure, but also to develop new biologically active devices for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. We propose the development of biologically active flow-diverter stents. We also propose three different approaches of endovascular cell therapy, using autologous mesenchymal stem cells, allowing recolonization of the intra-aneurysmal thrombus and accelerated healing of the aneurysm. The treatment of intracranial aneurysms can no longer be based solely on mechanical considerations. The development of future endovascular devices should include a biological dimension to improve the complete healing of intracranial aneurysms

O implante de stents em região vascular periférica tem sido apontado como uma solução para o tratamento endovascular, e tem sido largamente utilizado. No entanto, há estudos que apontam com certa frequência a ocorrência de problemas ligados a fraturas de stents, as quais devem ser diagnosticadas e convenientemente tratadas. Na região femoropoplítea, por exemplo, foi detectada a ocorrência de 32% de fraturas em um conjunto de 121 tratamentos, conforme aponta pesquisa realizada. O diagnóstico de tais fraturas é normalmente feito a partir de análise visual de imagens, as quais muitas vezes apresentam ruídos e deformidades decorrentes do método empregado para a sua captura, dificultando a correta visualização de sua estrutura e deformidades. A escassez de recursos e estudos que permitam a automatização deste processo motivaram a realização deste trabalho, em que são desenvolvidas técnicas que melhoram a visualização dos elementos de imagem de forma a facilitar o diagnóstico de observação e, quando possível, apontar regiões de possíveis fraturas. Para isto, a utilização de elementos computacionais clássicos e o desenvolvimento de técnicas adicionais inéditas contribuem para a análise de imagens, fornecendo um possível direcionamento como forma de auxílio ao diagnóstico médico. Os métodos desenvolvidos são aplicados a amostras de imagens, e os resultados obtidos são comparados àqueles do diagnóstico médico. Como resultado obteve-se, além da melhoria de visualização das imagens, um índice de concordância Kappa de 0,878 para a detecção de fraturas, o que confirma o método como satisfatório e de concordância bastante relevante. / The insert of stents in peripheral vascular region has been considered as a solution for endovascular treatment, and has been widely used. However, there are studies that show, with a certain frequency, the occurrence of problems related to stent fractures, which should be diagnosed and properly treated. In the femoropopliteal region, for example, it was detected 32% of fractures in a set of 121 treatments, as shown by survey. The diagnosis of such fractures is usually made from visual analysis of images, which often shows noise and deformation resulting from the method employed for capture, making difficulty to the correct visualization of its structure and deformities. The lack of resources and studies that allows to automate this process, motivated this work, in which techniques are developed that improve the display of the image elements in order to facilitate the diagnosis by observation and, when possible, pointing out areas of possible fractures. For this, the use of classical elements and the development of additional computational techniques contribute to innovate image analysis, providing a possible direction as a way to aid medical diagnosis. The developed methods are applied to images samples and the results are compared to those of medical diagnosis. As a result obtained, as well as the improved display of images, a Kappa concordance index of 0.878 for the detection of fractures confirms the method as satisfactory and a quite relevant agreement.

Introdução: Um dos fatores mais comuns de falha do procedimento das angioplastias vasculares periféricas é a estenose recorrente (reestenose). A inflamação vascular após angioplastia e implante de stent desempenha papel importante na proliferação de células do músculo liso vascular e posterior crescimento de neoíntima hipertrófica. Diversos estudos têm sugerido que a superfície dos stents, quando impregnada com determinadas moléculas, pode limitar a reestenose de forma eficaz. O carbono diamante, polímero de hidrocarboneto amorfo, pode ser usado para essa finalidade, reduzindo liberação de íons metálicos e a trombogenicidade. Diversos mediadores têm sido implicados na resposta inflamatória vascular, como o sistema calicreína-cinina (SCC), as citocinas, proteína C reativa (PCR) e o óxido nítrico (NO). Portanto, estudos clínicos específicos correlacionando o implante do stent aos níveis séricos destes possíveis marcadores podem contribuir no entendimento desse processo. Objetivo: Estudar a perviedade do dispositivo e a evolução clínica de doentes submetidos a angioplastia com stents impregandos de carbono no território vascular periférico, assim como o comportamento de mediadores séricos envolvidos nas fases mais precoces do processo inflamatório pós angioplastia. População e Método: Estudo prospectivo envolvendo 32 pacientes submetidos à angioplastia com stent no segmento ilíacofêmoro-poplíteo, selecionados no Ambulatório de Cirurgia Vascular e Endovascular do HCFMRP/USP. Foram tratadas lesões estenosantes ou oclusivas com angioplastia e colocação de stents de nitinol, com superfície impregnada de carbono (Carbostent®). Foram estudados os seguintes marcadores: SCC - com quantificação dos substratos (cininogênio de alto e baixo peso molecular - CAPM / CBPM) e das enzimas calicreína plasmática e tecidual, além da quantificação da cininase II; a determinação dos níveis de nitrito e nitratos para a avaliação de óxido nítrico; dosagem sérica de PCR e citocinas (IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-alfa e TGFbeta). Também foi realizado a dosagem dos leucócitos. Amostras séricas foram coletadas antes, 24 horas e 6 meses após o implante do stent. Os pacientes foram seguidos por um ano, para avaliação da perviedade nesse período. Resultados: Dos 27 pacientes que completaram seis meses de estudo, houve apenas uma reestenose (3,7%) e nenhuma oclusão (96,3% de perviedade). No período de um ano, quatro pacientes perderam seguimento e todos os 23 doentes avaliados, mantiveram a perviedade dos stents, com exceção do paciente no qual houve reestenose no tempo seis meses. Houve redução significativa das concentrações das citocinas inflamatórias (IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 e TNF-?) no tempo 24 horas e seis meses quando comparado com o pré-procedimento (p<0,05); exceto a IL-8 no tempo 24 horas. As citocinas anti-inflamatórias (IL10 e TGF-beta) comportaram-se de maneira antagônica, com elevação do TGF-beta no tempo 24 horas e elevação, tanto do TGF-beta quanto da IL-10, no tempo 6 meses versus pré-tratamento e 6 meses versus 24 horas (P<0,05). A PCR apresentou queda no tempo seis meses em relação ao tempo 24h (p<0,05). Os níveis de NO não se alteraram entre os tempos; os de leucócitos elevaram-se no tempo 24 horas e reduziram-se no tempo seis meses em relação ao tempo 24 horas (p<0,05). Conclusão: No presente estudo a taxa de reestenose precoce foi de 3,7% nos primeiros 6 meses e 5% em 12 meses de seguimento. O comportamento dos marcadores inflamatórios evidenciou sua correlação direta com o processo de angioplastia e implante de carbostent, em especial o SCC, as citocinas, PCR e os leucócitos. Contudo, não foi possível relacionar a variação dos seus níveis séricos com o processo de reestenose. / Background: One of the most common factors of failure of the peripheral vascular angioplasty procedure is recurrent stenosis (restenosis). Vascular inflammation following angioplasty and stent implantation plays an important role in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and subsequent hypertrophic neointimal growth. Several studies have suggested that the surface of stents, when impregnated with certain molecules, can limit restenosis effectively. Diamond carbon, amorphous hydrocarbon polymer, can be used for this purpose, reducing release of metal ions and thrombogenicity. Several mediators have been implicated in the vascular inflammatory response, such as the kallikrein-kinin system (SCC), cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP) and nitric oxide (NO). Therefore, specific clinical studies correlating stent implantation with serum levels of these possible markers may contribute to the understanding of this process. Objective: To study the patency of the device and the clinical evolution of patients undergoing angioplasty with carbon-impregnated stents in the peripheral vascular territory, as well as the behavior of serum mediators involved in the earlier stages of the inflammatory process after angioplasty. Population and Method: Prospective study involving 32 patients submitted to angioplasty with stent in the iliac-femoro-popliteal segment, selected at the HCFMRP / USP Outpatient Vascular and Endovascular Outpatient Clinic. Stenosis or occlusive lesions were treated with angioplasty and placement of nitinol stents with a carbon impregnated surface (Carbostent®). The following markers were studied: SCC - with quantification of substrates (high and low molecular weight cincinogens - HMWC / LMWC) and plasma and tissue kallikrein enzymes, besides quantification of kininase II; determination of nitrite and nitrate levels for the evaluation of nitric oxide; serum levels of CRP and cytokines (IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-a and TGF-b). Leucocytes were also dosed. Serum samples were collected before, 24 hours and 6 months after stent implantation. The patients were followed for one year to assess the patency in this period. Results: Of the 27 patients who completed six months of study, there was only one restenosis (3.7%) and no occlusion (96.3% of patency). In one year, four patients lost follow-up and all 23 patients evaluated, maintained stent patency, with the exception of the patient who had restenosis over time for six months. There was a significant reduction in the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 b, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-a) in the time 24 hours and six months when compared with the pre-procedure (p <0.05); except for IL-8 in the 24 hour time. Anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL10 and TGF-b) behaved in an antagonistic manner, with TGF-b elevation in the 24 hour time and elevation of both TGF-b and IL-10, at 6 months versus pre- treatment and 6 months versus 24 hours (P <0.05). CRP showed a decrease in time six months in relation to time 24h (p <0.05). NO levels did not change between the times; the leukocytes increased in time 24 hours and reduced in time six months in relation to time 24 hours (p <0.05). Conclusion: In the present study, the rate of early restenosis was 3.7% in the first 6 months and 5% in 12 months of follow-up. The behavior of the inflammatory markers showed its direct correlation with the angioplasty and carbostent implantation process, especially SCC, cytokines, CRP and leukocytes. However, it was not possible to relate the variation of their serum levels to the restenosis process.

Hintergrund: Diese Studie wurde initiiert, um die langfristige Wertigkeit der Implantation von selbstexpandierenden Nitinol-Stents in der Arteria femoralis superficialis zu untersuchen. Die Effektivität wurde anhand von Primärerfolg, Offenheitsraten und klinischem Erfolg überprüft. Komplikationsraten und unerwünschte Folgeereignisse definierten die Sicherheit dieser interventionellen Therapiemethode. Methoden: Retrospektiv wurden 278 Zielextremitäten von 263 Patienten über durchschnittlich 4,7 ± 1,9 Jahre hinweg beobachtet. Die Daten wurden aus internen Krankenakten sowie externen Befunden gewonnen. Gruppenvergleiche wurden mit t-Test, Fisher-Exact-Test und multivariater logistischer Regression durchgeführt. Überlebenszeitanalysen wurden mit der Kaplan-Meier-Methode berechnet. Univariate Risikofaktoren wurden mit dem Log-Rank-Test bestimmt und anschließend in das multivariate Cox-Model eingeschlossen. Ergebnisse: Das Durchschnittsalter der Patienten betrug 67,2 ± 9,5 Jahre, 74,1 % waren männlich, 21,2 % litten an einer kritischen Extremitätenischämie. Die mittlere Läsionslänge maß 11,5 ± 7,9 cm. Es handelte sich in 21,1 % um Restenosen und in 31,6 % um TASC-II-C/D-Läsionen. Der primäre technische Erfolg der Stentimplantation belief sich auf 96,8 %. Nach ein, drei und fünf Jahren lagen die primären Offenheitsraten bei 77 %, 56 % und 46 %, die sekundären Offenheitsraten bei 98 %, 94 % und 89 % sowie die Majoramputations-raten bei 0,4 %, 1,4 % und 4,2 %. Das Rutherford-Stadium ist von 3 ± 0,9 auf 1,8 ± 1,8 gesunken. Ein Todesfall war Folge eines Stentverschlusses. Signifikante Risikofaktoren für verkürzte Stentoffenheiten waren lange Gefäßläsionen, TASC-II-C/D-Läsionen sowie Luminexx®-Stents. Diabetes mellitus, Adipositas und kritische Extremitätenischämie waren mit erhöhten Amputationsraten assoziiert. Fazit: Hohe technische Erfolgsraten, relativ niedrige Komplikationsraten, befriedigende kurz- und mittelfristige Offenheitsraten sowie zufriedenstellender klinischer Erfolg zeichnen die Stentimplantationen in der Arteria femoralis superficialis aus. Langfristig stellen die Entstehung von In-Stent-Restenosen und damit verbundene Folgen jedoch ein Problem dar. Allerdings ist die Einführung von medikamenten-freisetzenden Ballons zur Sekundärbehandlung in dieser Hinsicht erfolgversprechend.

Introdução: Um dos fatores mais comuns de falha do procedimento das angioplastias vasculares periféricas é a estenose recorrente (reestenose). A inflamação vascular após angioplastia e implante de stent desempenha papel importante na proliferação de células do músculo liso vascular e posterior crescimento de neoíntima hipertrófica. Diversos estudos têm sugerido que a superfície dos stents, quando impregnada com determinadas moléculas, pode limitar a reestenose de forma eficaz. O carbono diamante, polímero de hidrocarboneto amorfo, pode ser usado para essa finalidade, reduzindo liberação de íons metálicos e a trombogenicidade. Diversos mediadores têm sido implicados na resposta inflamatória vascular, como o sistema calicreína-cinina (SCC), as citocinas, proteína C reativa (PCR) e o óxido nítrico (NO). Portanto, estudos clínicos específicos correlacionando o implante do stent aos níveis séricos destes possíveis marcadores podem contribuir no entendimento desse processo. Objetivo: Estudar a perviedade do dispositivo e a evolução clínica de doentes submetidos a angioplastia com stents impregandos de carbono no território vascular periférico, assim como o comportamento de mediadores séricos envolvidos nas fases mais precoces do processo inflamatório pós angioplastia. População e Método: Estudo prospectivo envolvendo 32 pacientes submetidos à angioplastia com stent no segmento ilíacofêmoro-poplíteo, selecionados no Ambulatório de Cirurgia Vascular e Endovascular do HCFMRP/USP. Foram tratadas lesões estenosantes ou oclusivas com angioplastia e colocação de stents de nitinol, com superfície impregnada de carbono (Carbostent®). Foram estudados os seguintes marcadores: SCC - com quantificação dos substratos (cininogênio de alto e baixo peso molecular - CAPM / CBPM) e das enzimas calicreína plasmática e tecidual, além da quantificação da cininase II; a determinação dos níveis de nitrito e nitratos para a avaliação de óxido nítrico; dosagem sérica de PCR e citocinas (IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-alfa e TGFbeta). Também foi realizado a dosagem dos leucócitos. Amostras séricas foram coletadas antes, 24 horas e 6 meses após o implante do stent. Os pacientes foram seguidos por um ano, para avaliação da perviedade nesse período. Resultados: Dos 27 pacientes que completaram seis meses de estudo, houve apenas uma reestenose (3,7%) e nenhuma oclusão (96,3% de perviedade). No período de um ano, quatro pacientes perderam seguimento e todos os 23 doentes avaliados, mantiveram a perviedade dos stents, com exceção do paciente no qual houve reestenose no tempo seis meses. Houve redução significativa das concentrações das citocinas inflamatórias (IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 e TNF-?) no tempo 24 horas e seis meses quando comparado com o pré-procedimento (p<0,05); exceto a IL-8 no tempo 24 horas. As citocinas anti-inflamatórias (IL10 e TGF-beta) comportaram-se de maneira antagônica, com elevação do TGF-beta no tempo 24 horas e elevação, tanto do TGF-beta quanto da IL-10, no tempo 6 meses versus pré-tratamento e 6 meses versus 24 horas (P<0,05). A PCR apresentou queda no tempo seis meses em relação ao tempo 24h (p<0,05). Os níveis de NO não se alteraram entre os tempos; os de leucócitos elevaram-se no tempo 24 horas e reduziram-se no tempo seis meses em relação ao tempo 24 horas (p<0,05). Conclusão: No presente estudo a taxa de reestenose precoce foi de 3,7% nos primeiros 6 meses e 5% em 12 meses de seguimento. O comportamento dos marcadores inflamatórios evidenciou sua correlação direta com o processo de angioplastia e implante de carbostent, em especial o SCC, as citocinas, PCR e os leucócitos. Contudo, não foi possível relacionar a variação dos seus níveis séricos com o processo de reestenose. / Background: One of the most common factors of failure of the peripheral vascular angioplasty procedure is recurrent stenosis (restenosis). Vascular inflammation following angioplasty and stent implantation plays an important role in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and subsequent hypertrophic neointimal growth. Several studies have suggested that the surface of stents, when impregnated with certain molecules, can limit restenosis effectively. Diamond carbon, amorphous hydrocarbon polymer, can be used for this purpose, reducing release of metal ions and thrombogenicity. Several mediators have been implicated in the vascular inflammatory response, such as the kallikrein-kinin system (SCC), cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP) and nitric oxide (NO). Therefore, specific clinical studies correlating stent implantation with serum levels of these possible markers may contribute to the understanding of this process. Objective: To study the patency of the device and the clinical evolution of patients undergoing angioplasty with carbon-impregnated stents in the peripheral vascular territory, as well as the behavior of serum mediators involved in the earlier stages of the inflammatory process after angioplasty. Population and Method: Prospective study involving 32 patients submitted to angioplasty with stent in the iliac-femoro-popliteal segment, selected at the HCFMRP / USP Outpatient Vascular and Endovascular Outpatient Clinic. Stenosis or occlusive lesions were treated with angioplasty and placement of nitinol stents with a carbon impregnated surface (Carbostent®). The following markers were studied: SCC - with quantification of substrates (high and low molecular weight cincinogens - HMWC / LMWC) and plasma and tissue kallikrein enzymes, besides quantification of kininase II; determination of nitrite and nitrate levels for the evaluation of nitric oxide; serum levels of CRP and cytokines (IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-a and TGF-b). Leucocytes were also dosed. Serum samples were collected before, 24 hours and 6 months after stent implantation. The patients were followed for one year to assess the patency in this period. Results: Of the 27 patients who completed six months of study, there was only one restenosis (3.7%) and no occlusion (96.3% of patency). In one year, four patients lost follow-up and all 23 patients evaluated, maintained stent patency, with the exception of the patient who had restenosis over time for six months. There was a significant reduction in the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 b, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-a) in the time 24 hours and six months when compared with the pre-procedure (p <0.05); except for IL-8 in the 24 hour time. Anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL10 and TGF-b) behaved in an antagonistic manner, with TGF-b elevation in the 24 hour time and elevation of both TGF-b and IL-10, at 6 months versus pre- treatment and 6 months versus 24 hours (P <0.05). CRP showed a decrease in time six months in relation to time 24h (p <0.05). NO levels did not change between the times; the leukocytes increased in time 24 hours and reduced in time six months in relation to time 24 hours (p <0.05). Conclusion: In the present study, the rate of early restenosis was 3.7% in the first 6 months and 5% in 12 months of follow-up. The behavior of the inflammatory markers showed its direct correlation with the angioplasty and carbostent implantation process, especially SCC, cytokines, CRP and leukocytes. However, it was not possible to relate the variation of their serum levels to the restenosis process.