The first two chapters are dedicated to the modeling and implementation of a stock-flow consistent framework that incorporates real estate as an asset in the portfolio of the household. The third chapter investigates the main determinants of mortgage repayment of Canadian households. This first chapter presents a five-sector stock-flow consistency growth model where the portfolio decision of the households includes their choice of how much real estate they are interested in holding. The primary aim of the chapter is to model the housing market using the stock-flow consistent approach to explain the current global financial problem triggered by the housing market. The model is then simulated to predict the behaviour of various variables and propose appropriate solutions to the financial problem in the hope of returning the economy to a suitable equilibrium. Households' portfolio consists of money deposits, bills, bank equities and real estate. The other sectors that interact with the household sector are the production firms, the banks, the central bank and the government. Aside from the household sector, the banking sector ends up holding some real estate equivalent to the amount of mortgages defaulted by the households. The supply of real estate from the production sector is therefore augmented by the additional ones held by the banks. The second chapter presents the implementation of the stock-flow consistency model of first chapter. The purpose of the chapter is to run a simulation of the model and experiment with shocks to determine the path of the economic variables of the model. Another objective in performing the experiments is to find policies for mitigating the housing crisis. The model is implemented using the Eviews computer modeling software and runs until a stationary steady state is achieved. Various shocks are applied to the baseline stationary state. The results of the monetary policy show that the mortgage rate shock is more effective in influencing the growth rate of the economy as well as controlling the real estate market. Government fiscal policy is also effective in regulating the housing market. A one-period temporary fiscal policy shock is even capable of generating permanent long run growth effects. Household expectations in future housing price increases or future high rates of housing returns have the effect of heating the real estate market without comparable increases in economic growth. Policy makers must keep these expectations in check. The third chapter analyzes the determinants of mortgage repayment options in Canada. With the freedom that comes with being debt-free and owning a home one will assume that households pay off their mortgages as soon as possible. However, there are factors that inhibit households from carrying out these payoffs. The study uses Canadian micro-level data to examine factors that drive households to default, prepay or continue to make regular mortgage payments. The research methodology uses multinomial (polytomous) logistic regression analyzes. The empirical results establish that the traditional mortgage related predictor variables for repayment are statistically significant with the expected signs. The results relating to the provinces are not significantly different from each other. The results did not however provide any significance in relation to mortgage rates and the number of children in the household.

Cette thèse présente une série d'études théoriques partageant une méthodologie commune: l'utilisation des modèles stock-flux cohérents. Sur la base de l'échec de l'outil d'analyse économique traditionnel, les modèles DSGE, je tente de montrer quels sont les principaux inconvénients de ces modèles, qui comprennent à la fois des problèmes méthodologiques et l'omission de certains aspects de la réalité qui sont cruciales (par exemple, le rôle de la monnaie et des marchés financiers). Dans le premier chapitre de cette thèse je montre pourquoi les modèles stock-flux cohérents offrent un véhicule plus précis à la compréhension des économies modernes. Ces raisons, qui sont reliés à une préoccupation plus élevé avec le réalisme, la précision comptable et l'interaction entre les différents agents économiques et des institutions sociales, expliquent pourquoi les modèles stock-flux cohérents ont réussi à détecter les instabilités qui se accumulaient dans les années avant l'éclatement de la crise financière mondiale. Après avoir expliqué la motivation pour étudier la dynamique macroéconomique par des modèles stock-flux cohérents je présente trois chapitres dans lesquels ces modèles sont adaptés à l'étude de certains problèmes spécifiques du monde réel, qui ont été et sont toujours pertinentes et ont une place privilégiée dans le agenda politique. Dans le deuxième chapitre, je étudie certaines des différentes alternatives pour la réforme du système monétaire international qui ont été proposées depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. A partir d'un modèle qui décrit l'état actuel des choses, il est montré comment ce modèle peut être modifié afin d'examiner comment chacun des solutions alternatives pourraient fonctionner. Ces solutions comprennent des options qui ont été largement débattues depuis des décennies, comme l'introduction du DTS (la monnaie émise par le FMI) et le bancor (la monnaie internationale que Keynes a proposé, avec la création d'une chambre de compensation internationale). Après avoir construit les modèles, des exercices de simulation sont menées. Ces expériences montrent de quelle façon chaque solution pourrait offrir un meilleur environnement mondial pour le développement des relations économiques internationales. En particulier, il est constaté que la mise en place d'une chambre de compensation comme laquelle Keynes a proposé ne serait pas seulement avantageuse à réduire les déséquilibres mondiaux, mais aussi elle pourrait produire un haut niveau de demande effective dans une échelle mondiale... / His  thesis  presents  a  series  of  theoretical  studies  sharing  a  common  methodology:  the  use  of  stock-­‐flow consistent models. Based on the failure of the state of the art analytical tool of the mainstream, the so-­‐called DSGE models, I attempt to show what are the main drawbacks of these models, which include both methodological problems and the omission of some aspects of reality that are crucial (e.g., the role of money and financial markets). In the first chapter of this thesis I show  why  stock-­‐flow  consistent  models  offer  a  more  accurate  vehicle  to  the  understanding  of  modern economies. These reasons, which are connected to a higher concern with realism, accounting  accuracy  and  the  interaction  between  the  different  economic  agents  and  social  institutions, explain why stock-­‐flow consistent models have been successful in detecting the instabilities that were accumulating in the years before the outbreak of the global financial crisis...

The first two chapters are dedicated to the modeling and implementation of a stock-flow consistent framework that incorporates real estate as an asset in the portfolio of the household. The third chapter investigates the main determinants of mortgage repayment of Canadian households. This first chapter presents a five-sector stock-flow consistency growth model where the portfolio decision of the households includes their choice of how much real estate they are interested in holding. The primary aim of the chapter is to model the housing market using the stock-flow consistent approach to explain the current global financial problem triggered by the housing market. The model is then simulated to predict the behaviour of various variables and propose appropriate solutions to the financial problem in the hope of returning the economy to a suitable equilibrium. Households' portfolio consists of money deposits, bills, bank equities and real estate. The other sectors that interact with the household sector are the production firms, the banks, the central bank and the government. Aside from the household sector, the banking sector ends up holding some real estate equivalent to the amount of mortgages defaulted by the households. The supply of real estate from the production sector is therefore augmented by the additional ones held by the banks. The second chapter presents the implementation of the stock-flow consistency model of first chapter. The purpose of the chapter is to run a simulation of the model and experiment with shocks to determine the path of the economic variables of the model. Another objective in performing the experiments is to find policies for mitigating the housing crisis. The model is implemented using the Eviews computer modeling software and runs until a stationary steady state is achieved. Various shocks are applied to the baseline stationary state. The results of the monetary policy show that the mortgage rate shock is more effective in influencing the growth rate of the economy as well as controlling the real estate market. Government fiscal policy is also effective in regulating the housing market. A one-period temporary fiscal policy shock is even capable of generating permanent long run growth effects. Household expectations in future housing price increases or future high rates of housing returns have the effect of heating the real estate market without comparable increases in economic growth. Policy makers must keep these expectations in check. The third chapter analyzes the determinants of mortgage repayment options in Canada. With the freedom that comes with being debt-free and owning a home one will assume that households pay off their mortgages as soon as possible. However, there are factors that inhibit households from carrying out these payoffs. The study uses Canadian micro-level data to examine factors that drive households to default, prepay or continue to make regular mortgage payments. The research methodology uses multinomial (polytomous) logistic regression analyzes. The empirical results establish that the traditional mortgage related predictor variables for repayment are statistically significant with the expected signs. The results relating to the provinces are not significantly different from each other. The results did not however provide any significance in relation to mortgage rates and the number of children in the household.

Cette thèse étudie les impacts macroéconomiques des transferts de fonds dans les pays d'origine des migrants. Six chapitres traitent des problématiques liées à la croissance, à la volatilité et aux politiques publiques. Le premier chapitre s'intéresse aux effets des envois de fonds sur la croissance à travers leurs impacts sur la consommation, l'investissement et les exportations. Il montre que les transferts monétaires stimulent la demande interne et que les exportations sont évincées. Le deuxième chapitre examine les implications des envois de fonds sur l'économie de la Moldavie à l'aide d'un modèle stock-flux cohérent et suggère que les chocs externes se transmettent à l'économie moldave via les transferts des migrants. Le chapitre 3 souligne que la concentration des migrants dans un faible nombre de pays d'accueil et l'instabilité de ces derniers augmentent la volatilité des envois de fonds. Le chapitre 4 ajoute que des envois monétaires instables associés à des flux commerciaux importants entre le pays d'origine et les pays d'accueil accroissent la volatilité de la croissance dans les pays d'origine des migrants. Le chapitre 5 s'intéresse aux dépenses publiques de santé et montre que si les envois de fonds permettent aux ménages de financer des services de santé privés non couverts, ils créent également un effet d'éviction au détriment des dépenses de santé publiques. Enfin, le chapitre 6 met en lumière le rôle des envois monétaires sur le développement économique de la Moldavie. Il souligne que les revenus des ménages, mais également de l'État, dépendent des envois de fonds dont les fluctuations créent des incertitudes sur la pérennité du modèle économique moldave. / This thesis studies the impacts of remittances in migrants' origin countries. Six different chapters focus on economic growth, volatility and public policies. The first chapter aims to estimate the impacts of remittances on growth through several channels: households' consumption, investment and exports. It is shown that remittances stimulate internal demand, while exports are reduced. The second chapter proposes a stock-flow consistent model for Moldova and suggests that remittances spread external shocks to the Moldovan economy. Chapter three shows that migrants' concentration in few host countries, as well as their instability, increase the volatility of remittances. Chapter four stresses that instable remittances enhance output growth volatility in migrants' origin countries when associated with important trade flows between both origin and destination countries. The fifth chapter focuses on public health spending and shows that remittances increase out-of-pocket health expenditure while crowding-out public health expenditure. The last chapter highlights the role of remittances on the economic development of Moldova. It suggests that both households and government revenues depend on remittances, whose fluctuations cast doubts about the economic sustainability of the Moldovan model of development.

L'obbiettivo di questa tesi è di investigare il ruolo della formazione delle aspettative nei modelli macroeconomici basati su agenti e stock-flussi coerenti. Mentre ci sono stati notevoli passi avanti nello sviluppo di tali modelli, la ricerca sulla formazione e sul ruolo delle aspettative in essi rimane ancora poco sviluppato. La tesi è composta da tre articoli, ognuno dei quali si focalizza sulla formazione delle aspettative in un settore economico speci co e presenta una serie di esperimenti riguardanti la variazione dei meccanismi di formazione delle aspetta- tive, dinamiche di opinioni e sentimenti, così come le applicazioni delle politiche economiche. La tesi dimostra l'influenza potenzialmente forte delle aspettative dei agenti sulla volatilità macroeconomica e mostra che, dipendendo dalla loro speci cazione e l'ambiente economico, le aspettative possono essere sia un elemento stabilizzante che un elemento destabilizzante. Inoltre, attraverso l'ampia gamma di esperimenti politici condotti, serve a sottolineare il ruolo importante delle politiche stabilizzanti nei sistemi che esibiscono fluttuazioni endogene, e il capitolo 4 in particolare mette in evidenza la potenziale dipendenza dell'efficacia delle politiche economiche dalle aspettative. Allo stesso tempo, alcuni dei risultati ottenuti avvertono che nei sistemi complessi, gli interventi politici devono essere calibrati attentamente affinché non diventino essi stessi fonte di instabilità. / The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the role of expectations formation in agent-based and stock-flow consistent macroeconomic models. While there have been considerable advances in the development of such models, research on the formation and role of beliefs and expectations within them remains underdeveloped. The thesis consists of three papers, each of which focuses on expectations formation in one particular economic sector and presents a range of experiments concerning the variation of expectations formation mechanisms, belief and sentiment dynamics, as well as policy applications. The thesis demonstrates the potentially strong influence of agents' expectations on macroeconomic volatility and shows that depending on their specification as well as the economic environment, expectations can be both a stabilising and destabilising factor. Moreover, through the wide range of policy experiments conducted, it serves to emphasise the important role of stabilisation policies in systems exhibiting endogenous fluctuations and chapter 4 in particular highlights the potential dependence of policy effectiveness on expectations. At the same time, some of the obtained results caution that in complex systems, policy interventions must be carefully calibrated lest they themselves become a source of instability.