Thesis (Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineer)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2002. / Thesis advisor(s): Kevin James, Max Platzer. Includes bibliographical references (p. 139). Also available online.

The flow of fluids over solid surfaces is an integral part of many technologies, and the analysis of such flows is important to the design and operation of these technologies. Solid surfaces, however, are generally rough at some scale, and analyzing the effects of such roughness on fluid flows represents a significant challenge. There are two fluid flow situations in which roughness is particularly important, because the fluid shear layers they create can be very thin, of order the height of the roughness. These are very high Reynolds number turbulent wall-bounded flows (the viscous wall layer is very thin), and very low Reynolds number lubrication flows (the lubrication layer between moving surfaces is very thin). Analysis in both of these flow domains has long accounted for roughness through empirical adjustments to the smooth-wall analysis, with empirical parameters describing the fluid dynamic roughness effects. The ability to determine these effects from a topographic description of the roughness is limited (lubrication) or non-existent (turbulence). The commonly used parameter, the equivalent sand grain roughness, can be determined in terms of the change in the rate of viscous energy dissipation caused by the roughness and is generally obtained by measuring the effects on a fluid flow. However, determining fluid dynamic effects from roughness characteristics is critical to effective engineering analysis. Characterization of this mapping from roughness topography to fluid dynamic impact is the main topic of the dissertation. Using the mathematical tools of shape calculus, we construct this mapping by defining the roughness functional and derive its first- and second- order shape derivatives, i.e., the derivatives of the roughness functional with respect to the roughness topography. The results of the shape gradient and complete spectrum of the shape Hessian are presented for the low Reynolds number lubrication flows. Flow predictions based on this derivative information is shown to be very accurate for small roughness. However, for the study of high Reynolds number turbulent flows, the direct extension of the current approach fails due to the chaotic nature of turbulent flows. Challenges and possible approaches are discussed for the turbulence problem as well as a model problem, the sensitivity analysis of the Lorenz system. / text

Οι μερικές διαφορικές εξισώσεις (ΜΔΕ), σε πολλές περιπτώσεις πρακτικού ενδιαφέροντος, δέχονται μια επίλυση μέσω της "μεθόδου ομοιότητας". Σε αντίθεση με τη γνωστή μέθοδο του χωρισμού των μεταβλητών, η μέθοδος ομοιότητας βασίζεται σε έναν εύστοχο συνδυασμό των μεταβλητών, μετατρέποντας την αρχική ΜΔΕ σε μια συνήθη διαφορική εξίσωση (ΣΔΕ) μιας και μοναδικής συνδυασμένης μεταβλητής. Η μετατροπή αυτή όχι μόνο αποτελεί το πλέον καθοριστικό βήμα προς τη ζητούμενη λύση αλλά ταυτόχρονα μας αποκαλύπτει και πολλά χαρακτηριστικά από την ουσιαστική φύση του ίδιου του προβλήματος. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία μελετάμε μερικά αντιπροσωπευτικά παραδείγματα της μεθόδου από τη Μηχανική των Ρευστών, όπως το "πρώτο πρόβλημα του Stokes" (περί της ροής πάνω από μια οριζόντια πλάκα που μέσω μιας ξαφνικής ώθησης τίθεται σε μια ευθύγραμμη ομαλή κίνηση) και το "πρόβλημα του Blasius" περί του συνοριακού στρώματος. Τέλος, στο πλαίσιο του βασικού ερωτήματος πότε ένα πρόβλημα ΜΔΕ δέχεται μια λύση ομοιότητας και πότε όχι, θα συζητήσουμε και το "δεύτερο πρόβλημα του Stokes", περί της ροής πάνω από μια οριζόντια πλάκα που ταλαντώνεται περιοδικά από τα αριστερά προς τα δεξιά και αντίστροφα. Αυτό το πρόβλημα αποτελεί ένα αντιπαράδειγμα για την καθολικότητα της μεθόδου, δείχνοντας ότι αυτή δεν εφαρμόζεται όταν υπάρχουν προκαθορισμένες χωρικές ή χρονικές κλίμακες στο σύστημα. / --

In this work, three methods of measuring the polarization state of light in the thermal infrared (3-12 microns) are modeled, simulated, calibrated and experimentally verified in the laboratory. The first utilizes the method of channeled spectropolarimetry (CP) to encode the Stokes polarization parameters onto the optical power spectrum. This channeled spectral technique is implemented with the use of two Yttrium Vanadate (YVO4) crystal retarders. A basic mathematical model for the system is presented, showing that all the Stokes parameters are directly present in the interferogram. Theoretical results are compared with real data from the system, an improved model is provided to simulate the effects of absorption within the crystal, and a modified calibration technique is introduced to account for this absorption. Lastly, effects due to interferometer instabilities on the reconstructions, including nonuniform sampling and interferogram translations, are investigated and techniques are employed to mitigate them.Second is the method of prismatic imaging polarimetry (PIP), which can be envisioned as the monochromatic application of channeled spectropolarimetry. Unlike CP, PIP encodes the 2-dimensional Stokes parameters in a scene onto spatial carrier frequencies. However, the calibration techniques derived in the infrared for CP are extremely similar to that of the PIP. Consequently, the PIP technique is implemented with a set of four YVO4 crystal prisms. A mathematical model for the polarimeter is presented in which diattenuation due to Fresnel effects and dichroism in the crystal are included. An improved polarimetric calibration technique is introduced to remove the diattenuation effects, along with the relative radiometric calibration required for the BPIP operating with a thermal background and large detector offsets. Data demonstrating emission polarization are presented from various blackbodies, which are compared to data from our Fourier transform infrared spectropolarimeter. Additionally, limitations in the PIP technique with regards to the spectral bandwidth and F/# of the imaging system are analyzed. A model able to predict the carrier frequency's fringe visibility is produced and experimentally verified, further reinforcing the PIP's limitations.The last technique is significantly different from CP or PIP and involves the simulation and calibration of a thermal infrared division of amplitude imaging Stokes polarimeter. For the first time, application of microbolometer focal plane array (FPA) technology to polarimetry is demonstrated. The sensor utilizes a wire-grid beamsplitter with imaging systems positioned at each output to analyze two orthogonal linear polarization states simultaneously. Combined with a form birefringent wave plate, the system is capable of snapshot imaging polarimetry in any one Stokes vector (S1, S2 or S3). Radiometric and polarimetric calibration procedures for the instrument are provided and the reduction matrices from the calibration are compared to rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) and raytracing simulations. The design and optimization of the sensor's wire-grid beam splitter and wave plate are presented, along with their corresponding prescriptions. Polarimetric calibration error due to the spectrally broadband nature of the instrument is also overviewed. Image registration techniques for the sensor are discussed and data from the instrument are presented, demonstrating a microbolometer's ability to measure the small intensity variations corresponding to polarized emission in natural environments.

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