A reciclagem profunda com espuma de asfalto tem sido uma alternativa de sucesso para a restauração de pavimentos degradados. Em relação às soluções tradicionais de reabilitação, como os recapeamentos, tem a vantagem de proporcionar a correção de defeitos em camadas inferiores, com a manutenção ou pequena elevação do greide da pista, além de ganhos ambientais, como um menor consumo de materiais virgens da natureza e redução do volume de material descartado. Entretanto, no Brasil não há método para dimensionamento estrutural para esta tecnologia, o que dificulta seu emprego. Para o desenvolvimento de um procedimento de dimensionamento que contemple este tipo de solução, foram estudados métodos presentes na bibliografia internacional: guia da AASHTO de 1993 e Caltrans, dos EUA, TRL386 e TRL611, da Inglaterra, as duas versões do guia sul-africano TG2 e os métodos oriundos do Austroads, tanto o procedimento interino de 2011 como adaptações de órgãos da Austrália e Nova Zelândia. Observou-se divergência de opiniões quanto ao comportamento do material reciclado com espuma de asfalto. Alguns órgãos e autores consideram o comportamento do mesmo mais próximo às misturas asfálticas, sendo o mecanismo de falha o trincamento, e outros o definem como semelhante a um material granular modificado com alta coesão e ruptura devido às deformações permanentes. Correlaciona-se tal associação ao teor de espuma usualmente utilizado nas obras rodoviárias. Outros aspectos que se destacam para este tipo de base são o ganho de resistência ao longo do tempo devido à cura, mesmo com início da operação da rodovia e a importância da infraestrutura remanescente no dimensionamento. Tais fatos foram corroborados pelos estudos de caso e resultados do trecho experimental construído na Rodovia Ayrton Senna - SP 070, monitorado por meio de ensaios deflectométricos com FWD durante um ano. Como resultado do trabalho, foi proposto um procedimento para o dimensionamento estrutural de pavimentos com camadas recicladas a frio com espuma de asfalto utilizando dados deflectométricos que atende o método do Manual de Pavimentação do Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de Transportes (DNIT) e incorpora diferentes aspectos na análise mecanicista. Outras conclusões são a viabilidade técnica a longo prazo da solução mencionada e a importância do controle tecnológico, com ênfase para o monitoramento deflectométrico nos primeiros meses de operação do pavimento para averiguar a evolução da cura do material. / Full-depth pavement reclamation with foamed asphalt has been a successful alternative for the rehabilitation of degraded pavements. In relation to the traditional rehabilitation methods, such as overlays, it has the advantage of provide the correction of the lower layer\'s defects considering the maintenance of the road grade or slight increase of it. Besides that, there are environmental gains, with less consumption for virgin materials and reduction of discarded material volume. However, in Brazil there is no structural design method for this technology, which hinders its use. To develop a design procedure which includes this kind of solution, several international methods were studied, like AASHTO (1993) and CALTRANS, from the USA; TRL386 and TRL611, from England; TG2 guide, from South Africa; and methods derived from the Austroads were studied, both, the interim procedure 2011 and local departments adaptations from Australia and New Zealand. There are divergent opinions of the behavior of the recycled material with foamed bitumen. Some agencies and authors consider the behavior of it similar to the asphalt mixtures, and the failure mechanism cracking due to fatigue. Others define it as similar to modified granular material with high cohesion and disruption due to permanent deformation. Such association is related to the foamed asphalt content usually used in road works. Other aspects that stand for such basecourse material are the gain of strength over time due to cure, even with the beginning of the highway operation and the importance of the remaining pavement\'s layers in design process. These facts were corroborated by case studies and results of the test section built in Ayrton Senna Highway - SP 070, which was monitored through falling weight deflectometer (FWD) measurements for a year. As result of this work, it is proposed a procedure for the structural design of cold recycled pavements with foamed asphalt using deflectometer data that meets the method of paving manual of the Brazilian National Department of Transport Infrastructure (DNIT). Other findings are the technical long-term viability of that solution and the importance of technological control, with emphasis on the deflection monitoring in early pavement operation to ascertain the evolution of the curing process.

En esta investigación se evaluó una propuesta innovadora para la elaboración de un bloque de concreto en el cual se utilizó agregados reciclados procedentes de la demolición de elementos estructurales de una vivienda y los muros laterales de una piscina. Para ello, de estos últimos se seleccionaron únicamente los residuos de concreto para luego ser triturados y estudiados como agregados según la norma peruana y española EHE-08. Cabe resaltar que la técnica utilizada fue altamente experimental. Primero, se realizó la comparación de la dosificación calculada por el método ACI y el método Walker, donde según la cantidad de cemento de cada método se eligió la dosificación por el método ACI. Luego, se fabricó un lote de 300 unidades con la sustitución del 100% de agregados de cantera por agregados reciclados. Posteriormente, se realizaron los ensayos según requisitos de la norma peruana E070 “Albañilería”, los cuales son alabeo, variación dimensional, absorción, resistencia a la compresión, compresión axial en pilas y corte en muretes. Como resultado de este estudio se concluyó que el bloque de concreto elaborado cumple con los parámetros de la normativa peruana E070 como bloque tipo P. Finalmente, se realizó una comparación técnico ambiental y económica del bloque elaborado con respecto al bloque comercial de la empresa UNICON, donde se obtuvieron resultados óptimos. Se recomienda en futuras investigaciones realizar simulaciones sísmicas y estructurales para analizar su comportamiento sismo-resistente. / This research evaluated an innovative proposal for the development of a concrete block in which recycled aggregates from the demolition of structural elements of a house and the side walls of a pool were used. For this, only the concrete waste was selected from the latter and then crushed and studied as aggregates according to the Peruvian and Spanish standard EHE-08. It should be noted that the technique used was highly experimental. First, the comparison of the dosage calculated by the ACI method and the Walker method was performed, where according to the amount of cement of each method the dosage was chosen by the ACI method. Then, a batch of 300 units was manufactured with the replacement of 100% quarry aggregates with recycled aggregates. Subsequently, the tests were performed according to the requirements of the Peruvian standard E070 "Masonry", which are warping, dimensional variation, absorption, compressive strength, axial compression in piles and cutting in walls. As a result of this study, it was concluded that the block of concrete produced meets the parameters of the Peruvian regulation E070 as a type P block. Finally, an environmental and economic technical comparison of the block made with respect to the commercial block of the UNICON company was made, where optimal results were obtained. It is recommended in future research to perform seismic and structural simulations to analyze their earthquake-resistant behavior. / Tesis

<em>Virtual Frameworks</em> for source migration is a methodology to extract classes and interfaces from one or more frameworks used by an application. After migration, a new set of frameworks called virtual frameworks can replace the original frameworks used. The classes and interfaces extracted are used to create a proxy layer for these new frameworks. The application then depends on this proxy layer, and through it the new frameworks, rather than on the original frameworks. A combination of three patterns: Bridge, Adapter, and Proxy are used in these new frameworks. By doing so the changes made to the application source code are minimized during migration.

<em>Virtual Frameworks</em> for source migration is a methodology to extract classes and interfaces from one or more frameworks used by an application. After migration, a new set of frameworks called virtual frameworks can replace the original frameworks used. The classes and interfaces extracted are used to create a proxy layer for these new frameworks. The application then depends on this proxy layer, and through it the new frameworks, rather than on the original frameworks. A combination of three patterns: Bridge, Adapter, and Proxy are used in these new frameworks. By doing so the changes made to the application source code are minimized during migration.

Harmony search method based optimum design algorithm is presented for the grillage systems. This numerical optimization technique imitates the musical performance process that takes place when a musician searches for a better state of harmony. For instance, jazz improvisation seeks to find musically pleasing harmony similar to the optimum design process which seeks to find the optimum solution. The design algorithm considers the displacement and strength constraints which are implemented from LRFD-AISC (Load and Resistance Factor Design-American Institute of Steel Construction). It selects the appropriate W (Wide Flange)-sections for the transverse and longitudinal beams of the grillage system among 272 discrete W-section designations given in LRFD-AISC so that the design limitations described in LRFD are satisfied and the weight of the system is confined to be minimal. Number of design examples is considered to demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm presented.

Harmony search method based optimum topology design algorithm is presented for single layer lamella domes. The harmony search method is a numerical optimization technique developed recently that imitates the musical performance process which takes place when a musician searches for a better state of harmony. Jazz improvisation seeks to find musically pleasing harmony similar to the optimum design process which seeks to find the optimum solution. The optimum design algorithm developed imposes the behavioral and performance constraints in accordance with LRFD-AISC. The optimum number of rings, the height of the crown and the tubular cross-sectional designations for dome members are treated as design variables. The member grouping is allowed so that the same section can be adopted for each group. The design algorithm developed has a routine that build the data for the geometry of the dome automatically that covers the numbering of joints, and member incidences, and the computation of the coordinates of joints. Due to the slenderness and the presence of imperfections in dome structures it is necessary to consider the geometric nonlinearity in the prediction of their response under the external loading. Design examples are considered to demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm presented.

In this study, the structural design and analysis of a wing having mission-adaptive control surfaces were conducted. The wing structure was designed in order to withstand a maximum aerodynamic loading of 5 g due to maneuver. The structural model of the wing was developed by using MSC/PATRAN package program and that structural model was analyzed by using MSC/NASTRAN package program. The designed wing was then manufactured by Turkish Aerospace Industries Inc. (TUSAS-TAI). The finite element analysis results were verified by conducting ground vibration tests on the manufactured wing. The comparative results were used to tune the finite element model and the results obtained showed that the modeling was very successful.

In this thesis, the structural design, structural analysis and producibility analysis of an unmanned aerial vehicle wing were performed. Three different wing models, made of different materials, were designed. The wings were aluminum wing model and composite wing models / made of prepreg and wet lay-up. All wings have the same aerodynamic geometry and structural configuration under the same flight conditions. The structural designs of three wings were done by using Unigraphics NX. The finite element modeling of the wings were built by using MSC Patran package program. After the application of the loads on models, structural analyses were performed by MSC Nastran. Finally, the producibility analysis of prepreg wing model was conducted by using FiberSIM package program. The prepreg wing model was selected as optimum design with studies conducted in the study considering weight, producibility, cruise and gust stress and displacement conditions.

This thesis gives a comprehensive study on the effect of using different structural idealizations on the design, analysis and optimization of thin walled semi-monocoque wing structures in the preliminary design phase. In the design part, wing structures are designed by employing two different structural idealizations that are typically used in the preliminary design phase. In the structural analysis part, finite element analysis of one of the designed wing configurations is performed using six different one and two dimensional element pairs which are typically used to model the sub-elements of semi-monocoque wing structures. The effect of using different finite element types on the analysis results of the wing structure is investigated. During the analysis study, depending on the mesh size used, conclusions are also inferred with regard to the deficiency of certain element types in handling the true external load acting on the wing structure. Finally in the optimization part, wing structure is optimized for minimum weight by using finite element models which have the same six different element pairs used in the analysis phase. The effect of using different one and two dimensional element pairs on the final optimized configurations of the wing structure is investigated, and conclusions are inferred with regard to the sensitivity of the optimized wing configurations with respect to the choice of different element types in the finite element model. Final optimized wing structure configurations are also compared with the simplified method based designs which are also optimized iteratively. Based on the results presented in the thesis, it is concluded that with the simplified methods, preliminary sizing of the wing structures can be performed with enough confidence, as long as the simplified method based designs are also optimized. Results of the simplified method of analysis showed that simplified method is applicable to be used as an analysis tool in performing the preliminary sizing of the wing structure before moving on to more refined finite element based analysis.

Metal building frames are typically designed using welded prismatic and web-tapered members with doubly-symmetric and/or singly-symmetric cross sections. Until recently, the base U.S. provisions for design of frames with web-tapered members were provided in the AISC ASD (1989) and LRFD (1999) Specifications. Unfortunately, these previous AISC provisions address only a small range of practical designs. As a result, metal building manufacturers have tended to develop their own methods for design of the wide range of nonprismatic member geometries and configurations encountered in practice. This research develops new design procedures for design of frames using general prismatic members and web-tapered members. An equivalent prismatic member concept utilized in prior research and the prior AISC provisions is generalized to accommodate the broad range of member types and configurations commonly used in metal building industry. Furthermore, the new design procedures incorporate many of the improvements achieved in the AISC (2005&2010) Specifications to metal building frame design. These improvements include a new stability design method, the direct analysis method, more complete considerations of different column buckling limit states (flexural, torsional and flexural-torsional buckling), and improved axial load and flexural resistance provisions. This research develops practical design-based procedures for simplified calculation of the elastic buckling resistances of prismatic and web-tapered members to facilitate the application of the proposed design methods. In addition, this research performs a relatively comprehensive assessment of beam lateral torsional buckling (LTB) behavior and strength of prismatic and web-tapered members using refined virtual test simulation. It is demonstrated that web-tapered members behave in a comparable fashion to prismatic members. Based on the virtual simulation study, recommendations for potential improvement of the AISC LTB resistance equations are provided. Lastly, the strength behavior of several representative metal building frames is studied in detail using the same virtual test simulation capabilities developed and applied for the assessment of the beam LTB resistances.