The shear horizontal wave propagation and vibration of piezoelectric coupled structures under an open circuit electrical boundary condition are studied. Following the studies on the dynamic response of piezoelectric coupled structures, the repair of both crack/notch and delaminated structures using piezoelectric materials are conducted. The main contribution was the proposed the active structural repair design using piezoelectric materials for different structures. An accurate model for the piezoelectric effect on the shear wave propagation is first proposed to guide the application of piezoelectric materials as sensors and actuators in the repair of engineering structures. A vibration analysis of a circular steel substrate surface bonded by a piezoelectric layer with open circuit is presented. The mechanical models and solutions for the wave propagation and vibration analysis of piezoelectric coupled structures are established based on the Kirchhoff plate model and Maxwell equation. Following the studies of the dynamic response of piezoelectric coupled structures, a close-loop feedback control repair methodology is proposed for a vibrating delaminated beam structure by using piezoelectric patches. The electromechanical characteristic of the piezoelectric material is employed to induce a local shear force above the delamination area via an external actuation voltage, which is designed as a feedback of the deflection of a vibrating beam and a delaminated plate, to reduce the stress singularity around the delamination tips. Furthermore, an experimental realization of an effective repair of a notched cantilever beam structure subjected to a dynamic loading by use of piezoelectric patches is reported. A small piezoelectric patch used as a sensor is placed on the notch position to monitor the severity of the stress singularity around the notch area by measuring the charge output on the sensor, and a patch used as an actuator is located around the notch area to generate a required bending moment by employing an actuation voltage to reduce the stress singularity at the notch position. The actuation voltage on the actuator is designed from a feedback circuit process. Through the analytical model, FEM simulation and experimental studies, the active structural repair method using piezoelectric materials is realized and proved to be feasible and practical.

The shear horizontal wave propagation and vibration of piezoelectric coupled structures under an open circuit electrical boundary condition are studied. Following the studies on the dynamic response of piezoelectric coupled structures, the repair of both crack/notch and delaminated structures using piezoelectric materials are conducted. The main contribution was the proposed the active structural repair design using piezoelectric materials for different structures. An accurate model for the piezoelectric effect on the shear wave propagation is first proposed to guide the application of piezoelectric materials as sensors and actuators in the repair of engineering structures. A vibration analysis of a circular steel substrate surface bonded by a piezoelectric layer with open circuit is presented. The mechanical models and solutions for the wave propagation and vibration analysis of piezoelectric coupled structures are established based on the Kirchhoff plate model and Maxwell equation. Following the studies of the dynamic response of piezoelectric coupled structures, a close-loop feedback control repair methodology is proposed for a vibrating delaminated beam structure by using piezoelectric patches. The electromechanical characteristic of the piezoelectric material is employed to induce a local shear force above the delamination area via an external actuation voltage, which is designed as a feedback of the deflection of a vibrating beam and a delaminated plate, to reduce the stress singularity around the delamination tips. Furthermore, an experimental realization of an effective repair of a notched cantilever beam structure subjected to a dynamic loading by use of piezoelectric patches is reported. A small piezoelectric patch used as a sensor is placed on the notch position to monitor the severity of the stress singularity around the notch area by measuring the charge output on the sensor, and a patch used as an actuator is located around the notch area to generate a required bending moment by employing an actuation voltage to reduce the stress singularity at the notch position. The actuation voltage on the actuator is designed from a feedback circuit process. Through the analytical model, FEM simulation and experimental studies, the active structural repair method using piezoelectric materials is realized and proved to be feasible and practical.

Rational decisions about cost-effective maintenance and structural repair are hampered by the absence of comprehensive data on structural performance of generic repair materials acting compositely with deteriorated concrete elements. In the present climate of durability problems in concrete construction such information is of critical importance. In order to assess long-term structural performance of repaired elements, basic short and long-term properties of generic repair materials are required under various exposure conditions. The principle requirements to ensure satisfactory long-term performance of the repair have always been high dimensional stability and relatively high early bond strength of the repair material with the substrate concrete. As part of a "Brite Euram" project, sponsored by E.E.C., the author has obtained considerable experimental data on properties of three commercially available generic repair materials, which are significant to the subsequent structural behaviour of repaired concrete members. A comparison is also made between the performance of these repair materials with a plain concrete mix of similar strength and stiffness. The following generic repair materials were used: a high performance non-shrinkable concrete, a mineral based cementitious material with no additives and no coarse aggregate size particles, and a cementitious mortar which contains styrene acrylic copolymer with fibre additives. The repair materials are supplied as single component systems by their manufacturers, ready for on-site mixing and use, and require only the addition of clean water. Data on strength, stiffness, post peak-load ductility under compression, swelling, shrinkage and creep deformations under various curing conditions are presented in this thesis. In addition water permeability coefficients and chloride penetration profiles of the materials at various ages of exposure have been determined. A comprehensive compilation of chloride diffusion data is made and an empirical expression is derived for the prediction of long-term chloride penetration profiles based on data obtained at relatively early ages. Application of this prediction model to the field data of some Arabian Gulf structures is made. The influence of repair materials on the performance of reinforced concrete compression members has been studied. A theoretical model is also derived to predict the long-term structural interaction between a repair patch and substrate concrete in short compression members of reinforced concrete. The model is based on the basic properties of materials, such as creep deformation, drying shrinkage and modulus of elasticity. The validity of the model is established on the basis of the experimental data obtained in this study. At the end of the thesis, conclusions and recommendations for future research are made.

O objetivo deste estudo é qualificar reparos realizados através do processo de Soldagem por Fricção com Pino Consumível (SFPC), ou Friction Hydro Pillar Processing (FHPP) em chapas de aços inox duplex SAF 2205 (AID UNS S31803). Em paralelo, fazer uma comparação relativa ao mesmo material reparado com o processo TIG (GTAW). Após a obtenção das juntas reparadas em ambos os processos, estas passaram por rigorosa análise microestrutural e ensaios mecânicos para, dessa forma, qualificá-las através de critéios usuais recomendados em normas para utilização no restauro de estruturas que utilizam o material em questão. Foi utilizada a simulação termodinâmica para prever possíveis fases intermetálicas. Foram investigadas as propriedades metalúrgicas através de microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura, fractografia e Difração de Raios-X além de ensaios de corrosão. Já as propriedades mecânicas foram averiguadas através de ensaios de impacto, de dobramento e perfis de microdureza. Após qualificar ambos os processos com o objetivo de reparar estruturas que utilizam AID SAF 2205, foi obtida uma junta soldada livre de defeitos com os parâmetros aplicados: força aplicada em 25 kN, velocidade 7000 RPM, burn-off 9 mm e forjamento pelo período de 10 segundos. Dessa forma, o FHPP provou ser um processo de acordo aos critérios recomendados em normas. / The aim of this study is qualify repairs made through Friction Hydro Pillar Processing (FHPP) in plates of duplex stainless steel SAF 2205 (AID UNS S31803). In same time make a comparation with the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding processing (GTAW) using the same material. The processed joints repairs will be analyzed in microstructural and mechanical tests to qualify using criteria according standards used for structural repairs in this material. Was utilized the thermodinamics simulation to predict possible intermetallic phases. Were investigated the metallurgical properties with scanning electron microscope, fractography and X -ray diffraction in addition to corrosion test. The mechanical properties were investigated with impact tests, bending test and micro hardness profile. After qualify both repair processes using stainless steel sAF 2205, was obtained a weld free of defects with applied parameters: force 25 kN, speed 7000 rpm, bunr-off 9 mm and forging force during 10 seconds. Thus, the FHPP proved a suitable process according standards recommendations.

O objetivo deste estudo é qualificar reparos realizados através do processo de Soldagem por Fricção com Pino Consumível (SFPC), ou Friction Hydro Pillar Processing (FHPP) em chapas de aços inox duplex SAF 2205 (AID UNS S31803). Em paralelo, fazer uma comparação relativa ao mesmo material reparado com o processo TIG (GTAW). Após a obtenção das juntas reparadas em ambos os processos, estas passaram por rigorosa análise microestrutural e ensaios mecânicos para, dessa forma, qualificá-las através de critéios usuais recomendados em normas para utilização no restauro de estruturas que utilizam o material em questão. Foi utilizada a simulação termodinâmica para prever possíveis fases intermetálicas. Foram investigadas as propriedades metalúrgicas através de microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura, fractografia e Difração de Raios-X além de ensaios de corrosão. Já as propriedades mecânicas foram averiguadas através de ensaios de impacto, de dobramento e perfis de microdureza. Após qualificar ambos os processos com o objetivo de reparar estruturas que utilizam AID SAF 2205, foi obtida uma junta soldada livre de defeitos com os parâmetros aplicados: força aplicada em 25 kN, velocidade 7000 RPM, burn-off 9 mm e forjamento pelo período de 10 segundos. Dessa forma, o FHPP provou ser um processo de acordo aos critérios recomendados em normas. / The aim of this study is qualify repairs made through Friction Hydro Pillar Processing (FHPP) in plates of duplex stainless steel SAF 2205 (AID UNS S31803). In same time make a comparation with the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding processing (GTAW) using the same material. The processed joints repairs will be analyzed in microstructural and mechanical tests to qualify using criteria according standards used for structural repairs in this material. Was utilized the thermodinamics simulation to predict possible intermetallic phases. Were investigated the metallurgical properties with scanning electron microscope, fractography and X -ray diffraction in addition to corrosion test. The mechanical properties were investigated with impact tests, bending test and micro hardness profile. After qualify both repair processes using stainless steel sAF 2205, was obtained a weld free of defects with applied parameters: force 25 kN, speed 7000 rpm, bunr-off 9 mm and forging force during 10 seconds. Thus, the FHPP proved a suitable process according standards recommendations.

O objetivo deste estudo é qualificar reparos realizados através do processo de Soldagem por Fricção com Pino Consumível (SFPC), ou Friction Hydro Pillar Processing (FHPP) em chapas de aços inox duplex SAF 2205 (AID UNS S31803). Em paralelo, fazer uma comparação relativa ao mesmo material reparado com o processo TIG (GTAW). Após a obtenção das juntas reparadas em ambos os processos, estas passaram por rigorosa análise microestrutural e ensaios mecânicos para, dessa forma, qualificá-las através de critéios usuais recomendados em normas para utilização no restauro de estruturas que utilizam o material em questão. Foi utilizada a simulação termodinâmica para prever possíveis fases intermetálicas. Foram investigadas as propriedades metalúrgicas através de microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura, fractografia e Difração de Raios-X além de ensaios de corrosão. Já as propriedades mecânicas foram averiguadas através de ensaios de impacto, de dobramento e perfis de microdureza. Após qualificar ambos os processos com o objetivo de reparar estruturas que utilizam AID SAF 2205, foi obtida uma junta soldada livre de defeitos com os parâmetros aplicados: força aplicada em 25 kN, velocidade 7000 RPM, burn-off 9 mm e forjamento pelo período de 10 segundos. Dessa forma, o FHPP provou ser um processo de acordo aos critérios recomendados em normas. / The aim of this study is qualify repairs made through Friction Hydro Pillar Processing (FHPP) in plates of duplex stainless steel SAF 2205 (AID UNS S31803). In same time make a comparation with the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding processing (GTAW) using the same material. The processed joints repairs will be analyzed in microstructural and mechanical tests to qualify using criteria according standards used for structural repairs in this material. Was utilized the thermodinamics simulation to predict possible intermetallic phases. Were investigated the metallurgical properties with scanning electron microscope, fractography and X -ray diffraction in addition to corrosion test. The mechanical properties were investigated with impact tests, bending test and micro hardness profile. After qualify both repair processes using stainless steel sAF 2205, was obtained a weld free of defects with applied parameters: force 25 kN, speed 7000 rpm, bunr-off 9 mm and forging force during 10 seconds. Thus, the FHPP proved a suitable process according standards recommendations.

The objective of this paper is to present the results of the connection between a substrate and self-compacting concrete with underwater launch simulating the repairs to concrete structures submerged in various applications. Therefore, we used samples of "old" concrete structures extracted from the Power Plant Itumbiara the state of Goiás, which was considered substrates. The concrete used in this work follows the parameters established strengths in the research completed in 2003 by the laboratory of Furnas Centrais Elétricas and has been adjusted to the materials (gravel and sand) found in the city of the Minas Gerais. The results are from the sample concrete of vertical and horizontal joints of the bodyspecimens prismatic concrete substrates and kept submerged and extracted after a year, so almost complete hydration. The analysis relating to the launch of concrete indicate that it is entirely feasible production for small applications. Visibility during the concreting was hampered by increased turbidity of the water produced by the concrete, so you must reduce the presence of a direct flow of water in concrete. The analysis was by comparing the results of the testimonies and bodies-of-proof. We observed an increase in strength in direct relation to the diameter of the testimony. In the samples concrete of 50 mm x 100 mm was obtained a coefficient of variation of 9.00% giving the concrete a low variability. The testimonies of concrete compounds and submerged concrete substrate (with seal inclined) had a resistance value 84% over the bodies-of-proof. The tensile strength by diametrical compression of the testimony amounted to 54% of the reference value. Can also check the interface between substrate concrete and after the break. / O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar os resultados do estudo da ligação entre um substrato e o concreto auto-adensável com lançamento subaquático simulando a realização de reparos em estruturas de concreto submersas em diversas aplicações. Para tanto foram utilizadas amostras de concreto antigo provenientes de estruturas extraídas da Usina Hidrelétrica de Itumbiara no estado de Goiás, que foram considerados substratos, o concreto utilizado no presente trabalho segue os parâmetros de dosagens estabelecidos na pesquisa concluída em 2003 pelo laboratório de Furnas Centrais Elétricas e foi ajustado aos materiais (brita e areia) encontrados na região de Uberlândia do Estado de Minas Gerais. Os resultados obtidos são provenientes de testemunhos das juntas verticais e horizontais dos corpos-de-prova prismáticos concretados com substratos e mantidos submersos e extraídos após um ano, portanto, a hidratação quase completa. As análises relativas ao processo de lançamento do concreto indicam que é totalmente viável sua produção para pequenas aplicações. A visibilidade durante a concretagem foi dificultada pelo aumento de turbidez da água produzida pelo concreto, portanto deve-se diminuir a presença de um fluxo de água direto no concreto. As análises foram por comparação entre os resultados dos testemunhos e dos corpos-de-prova. Foi observado um aumento da resistência em relação direta ao diâmetro do testemunho. Nos testemunhos de 50 mm x 100 mm obteve-se um coeficiente de variação de 9% dando ao concreto uma variabilidade baixa. Os testemunhos compostos de concreto submerso e substrato de concreto (com junta inclinada) obtiveram uma resistência com valor 84% em relação os corpos-de-prova. A resistência à tração por compressão diametral dos testemunhos correspondeu a 54% do valor de referência. Também pode ser verificada a interface entre substrato e concreto após a ruptura. / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de sistemas inteligentes aplicados ao monitoramento de estruturas aeronáuticas abordando dois modelos distintos: o primeiro é a análise e classificação de imagens de ultrassom de estruturas aeronáuticas com objetivo de apoiar decisões em reparo de estruturas aeronáuticas. Foi definido como escopo do trabalho uma seção transversal da asa da aeronave modelo Boeing 707. Após a remoção de material superficial em áreas comprometidas por corrosão, é realizada a medição da espessura ao longo da área da peça. Com base nestas medições, a Engenharia realiza a análise estrutural, observando os limites determinados pelo manual de manutenção e determina a necessidade ou não de reparo. O segundo modelo compreende o método de impedância eletromecânica. É proposto o desenvolvimento de um sistema de monitoramento de baixo custo aplicado em uma barra de alumínio aeronáutico com 10 posições de fixação de porcas e parafusos. O objetivo do sistema é avaliar, a partir das curvas de impedância extraídas do transdutor PZT fixado na barra, sua capacidade de classificar a existência ou não de um dano na estrutura e, em caso de existência do dano, indicar sua localização e seu grau de severidade. Foram utilizados os seguintes classificadores neste trabalho: máquina de vetor de suporte, redes neurais artificiais e K vizinhos mais próximos. / This work presents the development of intelligent systems applied to the monitoring of aircraft structures addressing two distinct models: the first is the analysis and classification of ultrasound images of aircraft structures in order to support decisions on repair of aircraft structures. A scope of work was defined as a cross section of the wing of the aircraft model Boeing 707. After the removal of surface material in damaged areas by corrosion, thickness measurements in the whole structure are evaluated. Based on the measurements, the Engineering performs structural analysis, observing the limits determined by the maintenance manual and determining the necessity of repair. The second model includes the method of electromechanical impedance. It is proposed to develop a low cost monitoring system applied to an aircraft aluminum bar with 10 positions for fixing nuts and bolts. The goal of the system is to classify an impedance curve in the condition of the aluminum bar if there is or not a damage to the structure and, in case of the existence of damage, indicating their position in the aluminum bar and if the damage is severe or not. The following classifiers were used in this work: support vector machine, artificial neural networks and K nearest neighbors.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / During the history of the Civil Engineering, it is witnessed the appearance of a new age, which emphasizes quality in general, and durability, in particular, of the concrete structures. As a result of a continuable search for quality, an evolution in a relatively new field is observed, named Structural Pathology, which relates to the study of structural imperfections in constructions. An efficient solution for this problem is the structural repair, that appears as a strong market share of the industry of the civil construction, motivating the development of a number of materials and procedures of repair that aim to reestablish the original conditions of the damaged structure in order to extend its service life. For the protection and the restoration of the concrete structures, there were developed repair materials destined to different situations of application. The Microscopy, historically applied to the biomedical sciences, field has been spreaded out to the science of the materials field as well, becoming an important tool in the study of diverse properties. The main objective of this research is to investigate the form of linking and bond between repair mortars and concrete, by using microscopy. In this research 247 micrographs were analysed from 24 samples of four types of repair mostars amongst the ones found in the market had been analyzed. The typical morphologic characteristics of those materials were studied through of the optic microscope (OM) and the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results presented in research provides the understanding of the microscopical analisis related to the bond of someone repair materials. / Ao longo da história da Engenharia Civil, testemunha-se o surgimento de uma nova era, na qual se enfatiza a qualidade em geral e, particularmente, a durabilidade das estruturas de concreto. Como resultado de uma incessante busca pela qualidade, observa-se uma evolução em um campo relativamente novo, designado por Patologia Estrutural, que se relaciona ao estudo de falhas estruturais em obras civis. Uma solução eficaz para este problema é a recuperação estrutural, que surge como um forte segmento de mercado da indústria da construção civil, motivando o desenvolvimento de uma série de materiais e procedimentos de recuperação que visam a restabelecer as condições originais da estrutura danificada e ampliar a sua vida útil. Para a proteção e recuperação das estruturas de concreto, foram desenvolvidos materiais específicos destinados a diferentes situações de aplicação. A microscopia, historicamente aplicada no seguimento das ciências biomédicas, tem sido difundida também para a ciência dos materiais, tornando-se uma ferramenta importante no estudo de diversas propriedades. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é investigar a forma de ligação e aderência entre o concreto e o material de reparo, mediante microscopia. Nesta pesquisa, foram analisadas 247 micrografias em 24 amostras de quatro tipos de argamassas de reparo dentre os encontrados no mercado. As características morfológicas típicas destes materiais foram estudadas com o auxílio do microscópio óptico (MO) e do microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho auxiliam a compreensão da análise microscópica relacionada à aderência de um determinado material de reparo ultilizado. / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de sistemas inteligentes aplicados ao monitoramento de estruturas aeronáuticas abordando dois modelos distintos: o primeiro é a análise e classificação de imagens de ultrassom de estruturas aeronáuticas com objetivo de apoiar decisões em reparo de estruturas aeronáuticas. Foi definido como escopo do trabalho uma seção transversal da asa da aeronave modelo Boeing 707. Após a remoção de material superficial em áreas comprometidas por corrosão, é realizada a medição da espessura ao longo da área da peça. Com base nestas medições, a Engenharia realiza a análise estrutural, observando os limites determinados pelo manual de manutenção e determina a necessidade ou não de reparo. O segundo modelo compreende o método de impedância eletromecânica. É proposto o desenvolvimento de um sistema de monitoramento de baixo custo aplicado em uma barra de alumínio aeronáutico com 10 posições de fixação de porcas e parafusos. O objetivo do sistema é avaliar, a partir das curvas de impedância extraídas do transdutor PZT fixado na barra, sua capacidade de classificar a existência ou não de um dano na estrutura e, em caso de existência do dano, indicar sua localização e seu grau de severidade. Foram utilizados os seguintes classificadores neste trabalho: máquina de vetor de suporte, redes neurais artificiais e K vizinhos mais próximos. / This work presents the development of intelligent systems applied to the monitoring of aircraft structures addressing two distinct models: the first is the analysis and classification of ultrasound images of aircraft structures in order to support decisions on repair of aircraft structures. A scope of work was defined as a cross section of the wing of the aircraft model Boeing 707. After the removal of surface material in damaged areas by corrosion, thickness measurements in the whole structure are evaluated. Based on the measurements, the Engineering performs structural analysis, observing the limits determined by the maintenance manual and determining the necessity of repair. The second model includes the method of electromechanical impedance. It is proposed to develop a low cost monitoring system applied to an aircraft aluminum bar with 10 positions for fixing nuts and bolts. The goal of the system is to classify an impedance curve in the condition of the aluminum bar if there is or not a damage to the structure and, in case of the existence of damage, indicating their position in the aluminum bar and if the damage is severe or not. The following classifiers were used in this work: support vector machine, artificial neural networks and K nearest neighbors.