Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references.

The character of the stutterer in three works of German literature is the focus of this master’s thesis, Der Stotterer als Sündenbock: Eine marginalisierte Figur in drei deutschen Prosawerken. Two novels and one story were chosen for this project: Alfred Döblin’s Berlin Alexanderplatz. Die Geschichte von Franz Biberkopf, published in 1929; Gottesdiener by Petra Morsbach, published in 2004; and “Der Stotterer” by Lutz Seiler, published in 2009. These works were chosen because they are among the few that portray stuttering characters in major, rather than in peripheral, roles. The main goal of the thesis is to examine the characteristics of stuttering and the portrayal of the three stutterers. On the basis of four categories concerning the phenomenon of stuttering, a detailed analysis of these three characters is provided. These categories examine the symptomatology of stuttering itself and the contentious explanations of its origins. The effects of stuttering on the social-psychological level are also of great interest. Further, the analysis will examine the theme of healing, and the effects on the narrative of the stutterers’ self-aware reflection on their condition, or lack of such reflection. On a second interpretative level, two theoretical works are applied to the characteristics of the stutterers. The first is the theory and definition of ‘stigma’ by American sociologist Erving Goffman in his work Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (1963). This will be used to identify characteristics that mark the stutterer in a negative way. The second theoretical work is Der Sündenbock (Le Bouc émissaire; 1988), written by the French historian and critic René Girard. On the basis of Girard’s work, the hypothesis is put forward that all three stutterers show characteristics of the scapegoat. The interpretations of the stutterers as scapegoats are thus based on the stigma (in Goffman’s terms) and criteria of victims or sacrifices (in Girard’s terms). Furthermore, these two theoretical works are connected by the notion that differences and deviations are important for the maintenance of norms in society. One of the results is that there seems to be an increasing tendency to describe the attribute of stuttering as a ‘normal’ attribute. The stutterer nonetheless remains a marginalized character in all three literary texts. Moreover, all three of the analyzed stutterers can be shown to demonstrate different aspects of the scapegoat complex, thus making the maintenance of normal society dependent upon their sacrifice.

The character of the stutterer in three works of German literature is the focus of this master’s thesis, Der Stotterer als Sündenbock: Eine marginalisierte Figur in drei deutschen Prosawerken. Two novels and one story were chosen for this project: Alfred Döblin’s Berlin Alexanderplatz. Die Geschichte von Franz Biberkopf, published in 1929; Gottesdiener by Petra Morsbach, published in 2004; and “Der Stotterer” by Lutz Seiler, published in 2009. These works were chosen because they are among the few that portray stuttering characters in major, rather than in peripheral, roles. The main goal of the thesis is to examine the characteristics of stuttering and the portrayal of the three stutterers. On the basis of four categories concerning the phenomenon of stuttering, a detailed analysis of these three characters is provided. These categories examine the symptomatology of stuttering itself and the contentious explanations of its origins. The effects of stuttering on the social-psychological level are also of great interest. Further, the analysis will examine the theme of healing, and the effects on the narrative of the stutterers’ self-aware reflection on their condition, or lack of such reflection. On a second interpretative level, two theoretical works are applied to the characteristics of the stutterers. The first is the theory and definition of ‘stigma’ by American sociologist Erving Goffman in his work Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (1963). This will be used to identify characteristics that mark the stutterer in a negative way. The second theoretical work is Der Sündenbock (Le Bouc émissaire; 1988), written by the French historian and critic René Girard. On the basis of Girard’s work, the hypothesis is put forward that all three stutterers show characteristics of the scapegoat. The interpretations of the stutterers as scapegoats are thus based on the stigma (in Goffman’s terms) and criteria of victims or sacrifices (in Girard’s terms). Furthermore, these two theoretical works are connected by the notion that differences and deviations are important for the maintenance of norms in society. One of the results is that there seems to be an increasing tendency to describe the attribute of stuttering as a ‘normal’ attribute. The stutterer nonetheless remains a marginalized character in all three literary texts. Moreover, all three of the analyzed stutterers can be shown to demonstrate different aspects of the scapegoat complex, thus making the maintenance of normal society dependent upon their sacrifice.

Submitted by Mariane Carvalho Vischi (mazicarvalho@bol.com.br) on 2017-03-31T02:44:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DEFESA - VERSÃO FINAL MARIANE CARVALHO VISCHI.pdf: 6742229 bytes, checksum: 05af4a4bb57ab550fefe7fac1686e50e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-04-06T17:14:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 vischi_mc_dr_arafcl.pdf: 6742229 bytes, checksum: 05af4a4bb57ab550fefe7fac1686e50e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-06T17:14:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vischi_mc_dr_arafcl.pdf: 6742229 bytes, checksum: 05af4a4bb57ab550fefe7fac1686e50e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O presente trabalho investiga e compara a disfluência na fala de pessoas gagas e não gagas. O primeiro tipo foi denominado de disfluência gaga e o segundo, de disfluência comum. De uma maneira geral, as disfluências são caracterizadas pelo não fluir normal dos segmentos sonoros da fala, devido à presença de hesitações e de interrupções durante o processo comunicativo. Inicialmente, foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a relação da fluência com a disfluência a partir de uma compilação dos principais estudos sobre o assunto. Na sequência, apresentamos os trabalhos da literatura especializada e da linguística para a disfluência gaga, bem como dos aspectos que tratam da articulação da fala e dos elementos suprassegmentais. A metodologia consistiu na gravação semiespontânea de seis informantes gagos e seis não gagos. Como parte da metodologia para a formação do corpus, foi pedido a eles que narrassem algum fato que tivesse marcado suas vidas. Não foi definida de uma temática específica. Os dados foram analisados auditivamente e acusticamente. Para a análise acústica utilizou-se o software PRAAT. Para análise e interpretação dos dados foram usados modelos teóricos referentes à fonologia autossegmental (Pierrehumbert,1980; Ladd, 1996, entre outros) e, como apoio teórico, o da fonologia funcional (Halliday, 1970; Cagliari, 2007). Também foram utilizados os trabalhos relacionados ao estudo da fluência e disfluência da fala de uma maneira geral (Scarpa, 1995; Cruz, 2009; Koch, 2009; Scarpa; Fernandes-Svartman, 2012; Merlo, 2015, entre outros), bem como da disfluência gaga (Van Riper, 1971; Friedman 1986; Azevedo, 2000, entre outros). A investigação acústica estuda os segmentos fonéticos, as pausas, as repetições, as hesitações, os alongamentos e os bloqueios de fala. A interpretação fonológica investiga o comportamento dos fonemas nos dois tipos de disfluências. Os resultados mostraram, em relação à análise da F0 e padrão da intensitade, diferenças pouco significativas para a comparação entre os dois tipos de disfluências. A duração foi o evento que mais distanciou os dois tipos de fala, sendo maior para os falantes com disfluência gaga. Em relação aos tipos de disfluências (repetições, inserções, hesitações, entre outros), tanto os informantes gagos quanto os não gagos realizaram o mesmo tipo de disfluência. A diferença entre eles deve-se à quantidade e à complexidade das disfluências. Nesse caso, os informantes gagos tendem a apresentar um maior número de disfluências por grupo tonal, bem como uma quantidade maior de disfluências complexas. Outra diferença entre os dois grupos está na duração e quantidade de pausas, que tende a ser maior para os informantes com disfluência gaga. A análise fonológica, por sua vez, mostrou que gagos e não gagos tendem a manter o padrão entoacional para as repetições, inserções e hesitações. Esses resultados confirmam a hipótese de que a gagueira estaria mais relacionada a uma questão articulatória que leva, por meio de uma empatia fonética negativa, a quebra na expectativa do interlocutor. Já a disfluência comum, por estar mais relacionada a fenômenos estilísticos, não é sentida da mesma maneira. Mesmo assim, o caminho mais adequado não é o de distanciar negativamente esses dois tipos de fala, uma vez que os eventos são os mesmos, o que muda é o modo como eles são refletidos e sentidos. / The present work investigates and compares the dysfluency speech of stuttering and non-stuttering people. The first type was called stutterer dysfluency and the second common disfluency. In general, dysfluencies are characterized by no expected flow of the phonetic segments of speech due to the presence of hesitations and interruptions during the communication process. A general review of the literature on the relationship between fluency and dysfluency is presented with comments. A special review presents works of linguists, discussing stutterer dysfluency in particular in relation to segmental and suprasegmental articulatory problems. The methodology consists of recordings of semi spontaneous speech by six stutterers and non-stutterers informants. As part of the methodology for the formation of the corpus, the informants were asked to report any fact that marked their lives. Data were analyzed auditorily and acoustically. For acoustic analysis, the PRAAT software was used. Theoretical models regarding autosegmental phonology (Pierrehumbert, 1980; Ladd, 1996 among others) and functional phonology (Halliday, 1970, Cagliari, 2007) were used for theoretical support. The study of fluency and dysfluency discusses in particular the works from Scarpa (1995); Cruz (2009); Koch (2009) and Merlo (2015). On the other hand, stutterer dysfluency reminds the works of Van Riper (1971); Friedman (1986); Azevedo (2000), among others. The acoustic analyses take into consideration the phonetic segments, pauses, repetitions, hesitations, speech stretching and blocking. The phonological interpretation investigates the phoneme behavior in both types of disfluency. The results revealed, in relation to the analysis of F0 and intensity standard, minor differences in comparing the two types of disfluency. The duration was the event that more distanced the two types of speech behavior, being higher for speakers with stutterer dysfluency. The difference between them is due to the amount of occurrences and the types of complex disfluencies. Stuttering informants tend to have a larger number of dysfluency by tonal group as well as a greater amount of complex dysfluency. The phonological analyses, in turn, showed that stuttering and non-stuttering tend to maintain the intonation pattern for repeats, insertions and hesitations. These results confirm the hypothesis that stuttering is more related to an articulation process which leads, through a negative phonetic empathy, to break the expectation of the interlocutor. On the other hand, common dysfluency which is more related to stylistic phenomena is also involved with the same kind of speech problems but in a different dimension. Indeed, the most appropriate conclusion is to set a scale for the events with the two types of disfluency in opposite positions. This scale is interpreted as such by the persons involved in the problem, being framed by different expectations. / CNPq: 141913/2013-4

The thesis deals with stuttering in adulthood. The first part provides a theoretical basis for using professional literature. It contains theme of communication, communication disorders, stuttering (terminology, incidence, etiology and symptomatology, classification, diagnosis and therapy of selected techniques for adult age), and the International Stuttering Awareness Day. Another theme of the work is the employment of people with stuttering. Thesis also includes advice on how to talk to stutterers and guide phoning for stutterers. The practical part contains its own investigation, processing and results. KEY WORDS Communication, Stuttering, Poeple who stutter, Stuttering in adult age, International Stuttering Awareness Day, Stutterer and career choice