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As part of a continued research project for the Utah Water Research Laboratory and the State of Utah, a study of flow measurement devices is being conducted throughout the state. Initially the project included only measurement devices associated with high-risk dams, but has since been broadened to any measurement structure of interest for water users in the state. The physical dimensions, relative elevations, and flow accuracy were documented for each included device. After visiting sixteen sites, it was found that fourteen of the measuring devices had incorrect geometries. Of these fourteen, thirteen of them were originally Parshall flumes. A large percentage of Parshall flumes with geometry inaccuracies was also found from previous data collected for this project. One reoccurring issue was that the flumes had not been well maintained and had damage to the walls or floor. Some of these Parshall flumes did not have a diverging downstream section and are referred to as Montana flumes. In these cases, a standard Parshall rating curve was used to determine flow where it did not apply. Some of the flumes that were tested operated regularly under submerged conditions, and no adjustments were made for submergence. The objective of this research is to determine if Montana flumes (Parshall flumes without a diverging section) operate similarly to fully constructed Parshall flumes under both free-flow and submerged conditions. Laboratory tests were performed in the Utah Water Research Laboratory to determine corrections for submergence. Flow 3D, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software program, was also used to develop corrections for a submerged Montana flume. The laboratory results were compared to the computational fluid dynamics results. By using Flow 3D, a reliable numerical process was developed to determine the flow rate in a submerged Montana flume in an effort to expand the results to other seized flumes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Darlan Silva Siewerdt.pdf: 4084524 bytes, checksum: 6cfc1de54400889b3bfa578652d76489 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nowadays, pressure vessel has been used in large industrial scale. Its manufacture requires a lot of special care and demand knowledge of standards and suitable materials for every type of application. Given this, it becomes mandatory an adequate welding process and inspection to ensure reliability of the welded joint. In this context, non-destructive testing of Xrays has been made in order to evaluate these welds and verify the presence of discontinuities. Thus, it was found that the porosity is a major discontinuities which generate rework welding, increasing costs. This thesis aims to contribute to the research of porosity in steel weld joints of SA 516 Grade 70 used pressure vessels, through the study of the correlation between the procedure of submerged arc welding and the formation of such discontinuities. In a second stage all the experimental welding procedure is done, varying the welding parameters: voltage, current, welding speed and flow, as the design of experiment. On the sequence, tests of X-ray and visual inspection are performed to determining the amount of porosity and other discontinuities in each sample. Finally, from these evidences is carried out a study of the porosities formation, using factorial design and determined the influence of each parameter in its porosities formation. Besides, an optimized welding procedure was determined, where the chosen samples were submitted to bend test, macrograph, metallography and Vickers hardness to qualify the procedure developed. The thesis concluded that the welding speed and the type of flow are the most important factors that determine the amount and type of porosity formed in welding of steel for pressure vessels. / Nos dias atuais, vasos de pressão têm sido utilizados em grande escala industrial. Sua fabricação requer uma série de cuidados especiais e exigem o conhecimento de normas e materiais adequados para cada tipo de aplicação. Diante disto, torna-se mandatório um processo de soldagem e inspeção adequado para garantir a confiabilidade da junta soldada. Neste contexto, ensaios não destrutivos de raios X têm sido feitos com o intuito de avaliar estas soldas e verificar a presença de descontinuidades. Assim, verificou-se que a porosidade é uma das principais descontinuidades que geram retrabalhos de solda, aumentando os custos. Esta Dissertação de Mestrado pretende contribuir na pesquisa da porosidade em soldas de aço SA 516 Grau 70 utilizado vasos de pressão, através do estudo da correlação entre o procedimento de soldagem por arco submerso e a formação de tais descontinuidades. Num segundo momento é feito todo o procedimento experimental de soldagem, variando os seguintes parâmetros: tensão, corrente, velocidade de soldagem e fluxo, conforme o delineamento do experimento elaborado para então realizar ensaios de raios X e inspeção visual, determinando a quantidade de porosidade e outras descontinuidades em cada amostra. Finalmente, a partir destas evidências realiza-se um estudo da formação de porosidades, através do projeto fatorial e determina-se a influência de cada parâmetro na sua formação. Paralelamente foi elaborado um procedimento otimizado de soldagem, onde as amostras escolhidas passaram por ensaios de dobramento, macrografia, e dureza vickers para qualificar o procedimento. Pode-se concluir que a velocidade de soldagem e o tipo de fluxo são os fatores que mais influenciam na quantidade e tipo de porosidade formada na soldagem de aços para vasos de pressão.