To explain delinquency, General Strain Theory (GST) focuses on negative relationships with others. As one type of victimization, exposure to violence is significantly related to juvenile crime and substance abuse. In addition, victimized adolescents commonly experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, little research has investigated the mediating role of PTSD in the association between violent victimization and juvenile delinquency. Using data from the National Survey of Adolescents (1995), the present study examines the direct effects of sexual assault, physical assault, and witnessing violence on inner- (alcohol and illicit drug use) and outer-directed behaviors (property and violent crime). This study also examines the mediating role of PTSD, based on an overall scale of PTSD as well as the individual components of PTSD (re-experiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal). Logistic regression analyses and the Sobel test were used to examine the hypotheses. Findings in the study provide support for the proposition of GST that violent victimization increases the risk of juvenile crime and substance use. Findings also indicate that exposure to violence results in a higher probability of exhibiting PTSD symptoms. Finally, PTSD clusters partially mediate the link between violent victimization and outer-directed responses. However, the expected mediating effect between violent victimization and inner-directed responses was not found. Theoretical implications and limitations are discussed.

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This study aimed to 1) replicate existing research linking childhood sexual abuse and later substance use, 2) identify intergenerational parallels between the substance use and sexual victimization experiences of adolescent girls and their mothers, and 3) evaluate early pubertal timing, depressive self-concept, and behavioral under-control as potential pathways to substance use for sexually abused girls. Data were drawn from 150 mother-daughter pairs participating in a longitudinal study of the impact of domestic violence on the lives of women and children. Structural equations modeling revealed that girls' childhood sexual abuse was associated prospectively with their later substance use. This relationship held (retrospectively) for mothers as well. Mothers' risk for sexual abuse and substance use was transmitted to their daughters. Early pubertal timing, depressive self-concept, and behavioral under-control among girls were all predicted by childhood sexual abuse. Only behavioral under-control was, in turn, related to adolescent substance use. Depressive self-concept contributed to behavioral under-control among girls. A series of hierarchical regressions revealed that these relationships persist when controls for co-occurring forms of child abuse (physical, exposure to domestic violence) are included. Implications and limitations of the study as well as directions for future research are discussed.

The process of recovery from addiction is a multifaceted process that involves the efforts of clients, professionals and the broader community. Additional challenges to recovery are present for individuals who use solvents. This study investigates how professionals, involved in the provision of services to clientele who use solvents, understand the process of healing in their collaborative work. Using a narrative methodology, semi-­‐structured interviews were conducted with professionals employed in providing recovery-based services to individuals who use volatile solvents. The stories of these professionals demonstrate how they view their clients as “just like everyone else” despite what the dominant cultural story says about their possibilities for recovery. The professionals told stories which are in extreme opposition to the story of dominant culture and involved groupings of “us” (professionals) versus “them” (others). These stories, and how they were told, are discussed in relation to hope for professionals who provide health and housing services.

This study examines the problem of form and substance in Canadian tax jurisprudence, which has been characterized by a troubling equivocation between formalistic and substantive approaches in cases involving tax avoidance transactions with the current period of jurisprudence dominated by formalism. The vacillation of Canadian jurisprudence contrasts with the consistently substantive tax jurisprudence of the United States. The latter situation discloses an unresolved doctrinal tension in Canadian tax jurisprudence between two viable doctrinal alternatives. This study seeks to resolve the problem of form and substance by finding the right answer to the problem by examining the tax policy, political, and legal philosophical implications of formalistic jurisprudence along with the manner in which the legal system as a whole (i.e. jurisprudence outside of tax law) rationally employs both form and substance for distinct purposes to solve distinct kinds of legal problems. Using the principles that are implied in the practices of the legal system as a whole, a right answer to the form and substance problem — one that is horizontally consistent or integral with the whole — suggest itself, namely that substantive, judge-made standards are the right solution to the problem of form and substance in Canadian tax jurisprudence and that formalism in tax jurisprudence is a legal aberration in the Canadian legal system.

This thesis investigates whether Aristotle is actually presenting substance as the subject of a single science in Metaphysics ?. It proposes that he is, and that the common principles of all substances, which are required for there to be a single science of substance, are those found in ?.2-5. Although these causes and principles describe change, the analogy of the general and the army, which describes the relationship between God and the cosmos, also describes the relationship between causing and caused sensible substances. The analogy of the general and the army is used to the show that the principles that describe the actuality and effects of separate substance are analogically similar, and that the cause of this similarity is God’s ordering of the cosmos to be like his own eternal actuality as far as possible.

People with substance dependence show maladaptive approach responses toward stimuli related to their drug of addiction. Reducing the motivational salience of these appealing but maladaptive stimuli could decrease these inappropriate approach responses. Tasks that involve response inhibition influence the affective valence of stimuli, such that previously inhibited items are disliked compared to never-inhibited items. It is not clear, however, whether this effect can be harnessed to develop interventions to decrease the maladaptive motivational salience of addiction-related stimuli. To lay the groundwork for such an intervention, I first determined that people in treatment for substance dependence showed affective devaluation of previously-inhibited stimuli (Experiment 1). Because adolescence is associated with high risk of illegal substance use, I then examined the magnitude of the inhibitory devaluation effect in a group of adolescents from an adverse background (Experiment 2). Devaluation of inhibited stimuli increased significantly with age, suggesting that the effect occurs more strongly as the brain matures. Drug-related stimuli are extremely motivationally salient to people with substance dependence. Experiments 3-6 examined the affective consequences of inhibition for different types of motivationally salient stimuli: geometric images associated with monetary gains or losses, or sexually-appealing images. Finally, I determined that inhibition affects not only a stimulus’ affective valence, but also its motivational value. Heterosexual male participants who inhibited images of attractive females were later less likely to press a key in order to see more images of that type than participants who did not inhibit these images (Experiment 7). Taken together, this evidence suggests that computer-based tasks involving inhibition may be useful for decreasing the affective and motivational salience of drug-related stimuli in substance-dependent individuals.

The process of recovery from addiction is a multifaceted process that involves the efforts of clients, professionals and the broader community. Additional challenges to recovery are present for individuals who use solvents. This study investigates how professionals, involved in the provision of services to clientele who use solvents, understand the process of healing in their collaborative work. Using a narrative methodology, semi-­‐structured interviews were conducted with professionals employed in providing recovery-based services to individuals who use volatile solvents. The stories of these professionals demonstrate how they view their clients as “just like everyone else” despite what the dominant cultural story says about their possibilities for recovery. The professionals told stories which are in extreme opposition to the story of dominant culture and involved groupings of “us” (professionals) versus “them” (others). These stories, and how they were told, are discussed in relation to hope for professionals who provide health and housing services.

This thesis investigates the phenomenological task of asking what the lived experience of the wounded healer is like for ex-drink/drug-addict Counselling Psychologists working in addiction. The wounded healer is a term that has been circulating in medical and psychotherapy circles for the past 150 years and has been associated with the helping professions and in particular addiction.