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It has been assumed that there are disagreements as to the role of the office manager in different types and sizes of organizations in the U.S.A. and Bangladesh. It has also been assumed that there are deficiencies in the techniques of office management in the Bangladesh Sugar mills corporation. This thesis has been undertaken to determine those deficiencies in the techniques of office management used in Bangladesh sugar mills as compared to those used in the U.S.A.In addition, the thesis discussed the extent of variation in the use of organization charts, the extent of central lines of promotion, and the extent of unionization of the clerical force between these two countries. Explanation of the variations have also been given.

Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2005. Graduate Programme in Geography. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-138). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004 & res_dat=xri:pqdiss & rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation & rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR11809.

Thesis--Nantes, 1974. / Includes index. Bibliography: p. 703-721.

The soil being delivered with sugar cane consignments. from the cane fields to the factories, has been a recent cause for concern in the South African sugar industry. The soil impurities increase the wear of processing machinery reduce extraction efficiency and represents an unnecessary transport of material. The cost due to soil was estimated at R63 million (about US $8 million) over the 1996/97-season. The need to reduce costs, due to the unwanted soil component, has been given a high priority. Ashing is currently used by the sugar industry to estimate the amount of soil in cane. Although simple to implement, the method is destructive, requires long processing times and limited to small sample sizes. In fecent times, non-destructive techniques have become more prominent in industry. Hence, the decision to apply such techniques to the soil in cane-problem. This dissertation describes an experimental investigation into Dual-Energy Transmission (DuET) and X-ray lmaging for quantifying the amount of soil in cane. DuET can determine the relative concentrations of the components of a binary mixture by measuring the transmission of low- and high-energy gamma photons through the mixture. The principle of DuET was successfully demonstrated with aqueous solutions of ferric chloride. Experimentally-determined mass attenuation coefficients of water and ferric chloride were compared to theoretical values. DuET was then applied to dried, shredded sugar cane spiked with various amounts of soil. Results showed large variations in the predicted soil concentrations. These variations were attributed to radiation scatter and incomplete volume sampling by the radioactive source. However, new experimental arrangements are expected to improve the technique: initial test results are given of a sample holder that continuously rotates a sample up and down through the source-detector axis. An alternative approach to processmg DuET-spectra, using the discrete wavelet transform coupled with an artificial neural network, is also introduced. X-ray Imaging was the second technique investigated. A literature survey revealed that this technique had not previously been applied to the soil in cane-problem. The present work constituted an initial investigation to determine the feasibility of applying X-ray imaging to measure the amount of soil in cane. The soil/cane-samples, that were used for DuET, were imaged us ing a commercial mammography unit, and the resulting radiographs were analysed using image processing techniques. Although the results are promising, a more comprehensive investigation is foreseen. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.

Beach meiofauna were chosen as environmental indicators to investigate the impact of Illovo sugar by-products effluent. The effluent is pumped through a 20 cm diameter pipeline into surf zone at Sezela beach on the coast of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Meiofaunal communities were considered appropriate indicators as they are relatively stable both qualitatively and quantitatively on a seasonal and year to year basis. Most meiofauna also do not have planktonic stages in their life cycles, respond rapidly to pollution due to their fast generation times, and they are often abundant with high species diversity in habitats which are subject to considerable natural physical and chemical fluctuations. In this particular study there was a specific concern about trace amounts of furfural in the effluent. Furfural has been used as the active ingredient in a product designed to kill parasitic nematodes in crop fields. A large proportion of the beach meiofauna consists of nematodes. Eight stations were sampled for meiofauna along the beaches at Sezela on 7 different occasions. Seasonal effects on meiofauna and meiofaunal recovery during the period when the factory was not pumping effluent to sea was assessed. Samples were taken on the following dates: 4 July 2000 (winter); 30 August 2000 (winter); 13 December 2000 (spring); 26 January 2001 (summer); 8 March 2001 (summer); 9 April 2001 (autumn); and 2 January 2002 (summer). PRIMER (Plymouth Routines in Multivariate Ecological Research) was used for statistical analysis and included various univariate indices such as species richness, species diversity and evenness. These indices were then analysed using one-way ANOVA to determine any significant difference between sites over the 7 sampling periods and between the different seasons. Clustering and Ordination multivariate analyses were carried out on the community data and physico/chemical data to determine community patterns and relate them to the effluent and environmental data. The Nematode/Copepod ratio was also calculated. Meiofauna were analysed at major taxa level, as well as to nematode feeding groups and harpacticoid copepod and annelid family level, to determine if analysis to major taxa level is adequate as an indicator of pollution impact. The analyses indicated a possible degree of impact at stations close to the effluent discharge when effluent was being pumped to sea and a recovery was noted at the station closest to the discharge when effluent was not being discharged and analysis was conducted to the major taxonomic rank only. No improved resolution was achieved by analysing some of the meiofaunal major taxa to family level or different feeding groups. The analysis of the Nematode/Copepod ratio was shown to correspond with the multivariate analyses, however, this ratio could not reveal the severity of the impact where both nematodes and harpacticoids i.e. total meiofauna had been reduced by adverse conditions. The physical and chemical variables that showed the greatest correlation with the meiofaunal community patterns were sediment grain size, dissolved oxygen and salinity. There was a very strong positive correlation between Kjeldahl nitrogen in the interstitial waters and total numbers of meiofauna. This and the relationship with salinity may have suggested other possible sources of influence such as enrichment from the three estuaries in the area as well as a storm water drain located 150m north of the effluent discharge. A seasonal effect was observed with increased meiofauna numbers in autumn, but this was possibly influenced by the periods when effluent was not being pumped to sea. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2007.

M.Sc. / The Mvoti River is referred to as a ‘working river’ in that it is highly utilized and developed. It is also, however, in a severely degraded state according to recent ecological assessments that were carried out on the Lower Mvoti River in 2000 and 2005. Previously, this was mostly attributed to the specific activities related to a pulp and paper mill. However, findings of the abovementioned studies indicated that there are multiple stressors present in the system and to derive the combined effect of stressors in an environment affected by multiple activities, a characterization of the different contributing activities is required. Thus, this assessment was undertaken to determine the impact of one of the contributing stressors, i.e. sugar milling activities on the ecological integrity of the Mvoti River. The survey assessments, incorporating local and international accredited methods and techniques, were carried out over a high and low flow period during 2006. A BACI (before-after controlled impact)-research design was applied in this study. Four sites were selected on the Mvoti River, up and downstream of the Glendale Distillery (GDR and GDS) and the Ushukela Milling Company (USR and USS). The former sites were selected to assess the impact of a sugar mill alone and the latter to determine the combined effects of sugar milling and pulp and paper activities. Additionally, 2 sites were selected on the Amatikulu River, up and downstream of the Amatikulu Mill (AR and AS), to assess the effect of the sugar milling activities alone. This study consists of two components, namely the abiotic driver component and the biotic response component. The abiotic driver component involved the analysis of water quality, sediment and habitat quality in which physico-chemical variables of water and sediment were carried out during high and low flow periods and the habitat indices, Habitat Quality Index (HQI) and Integrated Habitat Assessment System (IHAS) were implemented. The biotic response component involved the assessment of the macroinvertebrate and fish community structures, as well as the determination of acute and chronic toxicity and mutagenicity resulting from exposure to mill effluent. The macroinvertebrate communities were assessed using the South African Scoring System Version 5 (SASS5) index and the fish communities were assessed using the Fish Assemblage Integrity Index (FAII). The toxicological assessments were carried out via the use of the Direct Estimation of Ecological Effect Potential, or DEEEP, methodology, and biomarkers.

Mémoire M.A. (Gestion des P.M.O.)-- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1984. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Bannwart / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T04:21:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Higa_Marcio_M.pdf: 7914219 bytes, checksum: c0df34dbad62f75065ad547646e7c5c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999 / Resumo: Através dos métodos do "pinch-point" e da programação linear, foram realizadas diversas simulações e análises térmicas de uma planta típica de produção de açúcar e álcool, visando a máxima recuperação de calor e a redução do consumo de vapor. As simulações foram divididas em três grupos. No primeiro, usou-se o método do "pinch-point" para investigar basicamente a planta de produção de açúcar, analisando também a influência de diversas alternativas (eliminação de sangrias de vapor entre estágios de evaporação, número de efeitos de evaporação, compressão mecânica do vapor do último estágio de evaporação, área e número de trocadores de calor). No segundo grupo, na mesma planta, empregou-se o método de programação linear, a fIm de determinar a distribuição otimizada das sangrias de vapor para pré-aquecimento do caldo. No terceiro grupo de análises, considerando também o consumo na produção de álcool, retomou-se ao método do "pinch-point", onde as sangrias foram primeiramente maxirnizadas nos últimos estágios de evaporação e em seguida ajustadas para satisfazer as áreas dos evaporadores existentes na planta básica. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um programa de computador específico que permite a simulação do efeito das diversas variáveis, inclusive a razão de produção açúcar/álcool. Diversas alternativas de grande impacto no consumo de vapor são apresentadas / Abstract: Using pinch technology and linear prograrnrning, several simulations of thermal analysis of a typical sugar cane plant and alcohol production were performed. The objective was the maximum heat recovery and the reduction of steam consumption. The simulations were divided into three groups. In the fIrst, pinch technology was applied to analyze only the sugar cane basic plant production and the influence of several alte~natives (elimination of vapor bleed between evaporator effects, number of evaporator effects, mechanical compression of vapor in the last effect of evaporation, area and number of heat exchangers). In the second group, use was made of linear prograrnrningin the same plant to determine the optimized confIguration of vapor bleeds for juice preheating. In the third group, pinch technology was again applied, including the consumption from alcohol production. First of ali, the maximum vapor bleed was assumed at the last effects of evaporation, then adjusted to adapt to the evaporator areas of basic plant. Therefore, a specifIc computer programming was developed to simulate the several variable, including the ratio of production sugar/alcohoL Several alternatives of deep impact in steam consumption were investigated. / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Network theory has been widely and successfully used to model, analyse and visualise complex systems. This study aimed to develop approaches to analyse complex integrated sugarcane supply and processing systems. A literature review includes network theory, complex systems, the Theory of constraints, indicator analysis and root cause analysis. The cause-and-effect networks of four sugarcane milling areas in South Africa; viz. Eston, Felixton, Komati and Umfolozi were developed, where the factors that negatively affected the performance of the milling areas were represented by vertices, the relationships among the factors by arcs and the strength of these relationships by weights. Three network theory based analytical tools namely; (a) primary influence vertex analysis, (b) indicator vertex analysis and (c) root cause vertex analysis were developed to analyse the networks. The results from the analyses indicate variations in the numbers and strengths of primary influence factors, problem indicator factors and root causes of problems between the four milling areas. Rainfall, drought and high soil content in sugarcane were identified as the strongest primary influences in the respective milling areas. High crush rate variability, low cutter productivity, running behind allocation and increases in operating costs were identified as the strongest indicators of poor performance in the respective milling areas. Rainfall was found to be the most dominating root cause of poor performance in all the milling areas. Since the South African integrated sugarcane production and processing system is complex, it is likely that the unique approaches developed in this study can be used successfully to also analyse other relatively complex systems. It is recommended that these approaches be tested within other systems. The main contribution of this study is in the form of a relatively easy-to-use network theory based comprehensive systems analyses tool. This analytical approach has, to the author's knowledge, not been used in any agri-industrial application previously. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.