A derivatization reaction, based on a copulation reaction of diazonium salt of an analyte with a reagent (1-aminonaphthalene or NEDA) producing colour, spectrophotometrically detectable product, has been used for determination of two analytes (procain hydrochloride, sulfamethoxazole) containing amino group in the molecule. The conditions of batch spectrophotometric determination were studied. It was found, that the batch determination is applicable only for procain hydrochloride analysis, because sulfamethoxazole gives time-unstable colour product. FIA arrangement was proposed and effects of selected parameters were optimized using two levels factorial design. The calibration dependences were measured for both analysis with both reagents, and subsequently were applied on determination of analytes in medical forms. Key words: diazotization, flow injection analysis, procaine, spectrophotometry, sulfamethoxazole

Sulfonamides are antibiotics that are frequently used both in human and veterinary medicine. The combinations of abundant use of these antibiotics and their natural resistance to decay leads often to long term persistence in the environment. This accumulation, especially in living organisms, may lead to subsequent toxicosis. Also, presence of these antibiotic in nature poses problems with regard to the spread of genes for antibiotic resistance between potential pathogens. These facts led to an increase interest in studying the sulfonamide biodegradation and subsequent sulfonamide removal from the environment. In this work it was possible to isolate and characterize the microorganism Acinetobacter sp. strain 49. This microorganism was able to biodegrade under right conditions sulfamethoxazole with 80 % efficiency. Sulfamethoxazole is one of the most commonly found sulfonamide in the nature.

The aim of the diploma thesis was to monitor seasonal concentration changes of 7 antibiotics norfloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, erythromycin, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in wastewater influent and (cleaned) water effluent in the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) České Budějovice. Time-proportional 24 hours pooled samples of wastewater were collected every month from March 2011 to February 2012 in the influent and effluent pof the STP. The concentrations of target compounds were determined by using in line SPE/LC-MS/MS analysis. The highest average concentration in the influent was detected in case of norfloxacin (0.563 microgram/l) and ciprofloxacin (0.406 microgram/l). The highest average concentration in the effluent was detected in the case of trimethoprim (0.255 microgram/l) and erythromycin (0.117 microgram/l). Higher concentration of antibiotics was measured in the colder periods of the year. It was connected with increased use of antibiotics and with less cleaning efficiency of the STP in this season. The highest removal efficiency was determined for norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, the lowest for erythromycin. The influence of the season on the removal efficiency of antibiotics was found esp. for azithromycin,trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.

Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Student: Veronika Ackermannová Supervisor: prof. Radomír Hrdina, MD, CSc. Title of diploma thesis: Topic and systemic treatment of acne vulgaris Acne vulgaris is a skin disease affecting the hair follicles and sebaceous glands. The disease manifests itself by increased sebum production, non-inflammatory (comedones) and inflammatory lesions (papules, pustules, nodules, cysts). It occurs predominantly in adolescents, but may persist into adulthood. It is a multifactorial disease, which is caused by several factors (internal and external stimuli). The major pathogenetic factors include increased sebum production, hyperkeratosis, P. acnes colonization and inflammation present. First, it is necessary to diagnose the type of acne in order to choose the right and effective therapy, because there is not only one type of acne. There are many types and variants of acne, and although they show similar symptoms (affecting the follicles of sebaceous glands), their cause often differs. There is no uniform classification system for acne vulgaris and it varies between authors. Some authors classify acne vulgaris according to severity into mild, moderate and severe, others into comedonic, papulopustular, nodulocystic...

Ziele dieser Dissertation sind die Aufklärung der Strömungsverhältnisse und Untersuchungen zum Verhalten von Arzneimittelrückständen im Tegeler See, die Entwicklung eines Simulationsmodells für Szenarioberechnungen sowie die Ableitung neuer Bewirtschaftungskonzepte unter Zuhilfenahme der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse und Modellergebnisse. Das zweidimensionale Strömungsmodell 2D-POM kann die Mischungsverhältnisse der beiden Zuflüsse zum Tegeler See, insbesondere den Einstrom der Oberhavel, ausreichend genau abbilden. Der Oberhaveleinstrom ist sowohl windinduziert als auch vom Abfluss der Oberhavel abhängig. Der Wind wirkt je nach Windrichtung verstärkend oder abschwächend auf den Oberhaveleinstrom. Der Tegeler See weist im Vergleich zu anderen Oberflächengewässern, die als Trinkwasserressource dienen, die höchsten bisher berichteten Gehalte an Arzneimittelrückständen auf. Die räumliche Verteilung von Carbamazepin (CBZ) und Sulfamethoxazol (SMX) wird hauptsächlich durch die Verdünnung mit Oberhavelwasser bestimmt. Nur ein geringer Teil des CBZ (40%) wird im Tegeler See eliminiert. Für SMX konnte keine Elimination festgestellt werden. Im Gegensatz dazu wird Diclofenac (DCF) im Oberflächenwasser photolytisch abgebaut (50% in den Wintermonaten, mehr als 95% im Sommer). Die Konzentrationen von DCF im Tegeler See zeigen deshalb eine hohe saisonale Variabilität. Durch Simulation von sieben Bewirtschaftungsszenarien wurde untersucht, ob mithilfe der existierenden Seeleitung und Phosphateliminierungsanlage die Konzentrationen der Arzneimittelrückstände im Tegeler See verringert werden können, ohne die erfolgreiche Seerestaurierung zu gefährden. In keinem Szenario konnten die Gehalte an Arzneimittelrückständen und Phosphor gleichzeitig auf einem akzeptablen Niveau gehalten werden. Aus diesem Grund sind ergänzende Maßnahmen notwendig, z.B. eine zusätzliche Spurenstoffentfernung im Zulauf des Sees oder eine weitere Phosphorreduzierung in der Oberhavel. / This cumulative thesis aims at (i) understanding the hydrodynamic characteristics of Lake Tegel, (ii) examining the occurrence and fate of pharmaceutical micro-pollutants in the lake, (iii) developing a modeling tool for scenario prediction, and (iv) utilizing the above findings and applying the above modeling tool to create new management strategies for Lake Tegel. The free-surface two-dimensional circulation model 2D-POM serves as an adequate tool for representing the intrusion of River Havel and the mixing intensity of both inflows, as validated by measured data. The calculations indicated that the intrusion of River Havel into Lake Tegel fluctuates with river discharge and wind, both of which can amplify or neutralize the other. Compared to other surface waters also used as drinking water resources, Lake Tegel seams to feature the highest ever reported pharmaceutical concentrations worldwide. The spatial distribution of carbamazepine (CBZ) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in the lake was shown to be primarily affected by dilution with water from River Havel rather than by degradation within the lake. By contrast, concentrations of diclofenac (DCL) are affected by both dilution and photodegradation. DCF showed the strongest elimination of all three pharmaceuticals and revealed significant seasonality with 50% elimination in winter and more than 95% in summer. Elimination of CBZ was 40%, while SMX did not degrade at determinable rates. Seven different management scenarios were tested to answer the question of whether the existing lake pipeline could be used to reduce the amount of pharmaceuticals in Lake Tegel without deteriorating the current phosphorus level. No scenario provided a strategy optimal for both pharmaceuticals and phosphorus. Consequently, additional efforts need to be made, such as supplementary pharmaceutical treatment of the inflow originating from the wastewater treatment plant, or phosphorus reduction in the River Havel catchment.