Surface spectroscopic techniques have been applied to facets of the flotation beneficiation and hydrometallurgical extraction of sulfide minerals to enhance the fundamental understanding of these industrially important processes. As a precursor to the determination of surface chemical composition, the sub-surface properties of some sulfide minerals that have not previously been fully characterised were also investigated. The electronic properties of ??-NiS and ??-NiS (millerite), Ni3S2 (heazlewoodite), (Ni,Fe)9S8 (pentlandite), CuFe2S3 (cubanite), CuFeS2 (chalcopyrite), Cu5FeS4 (bornite) and CuS (covellite) were investigated by conventional and synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy augmented by ab initio density of state calculations and NEXAFS spectral simulations. Particular aspects studied included the relationship between sulfur coordination number and core electron binding energies, the higher than expected core electron binding energies for the sulfur in the metal-excess nickel sulfides, and the formal oxidation states of the Cu and Fe in Cu-Fe sulfides. It was concluded that the binding energy dependence on coordination number was less than previously believed, that Ni-Ni bonding was the most likely explanation for the unusual properties of the Ni sulfides, and that there was no convincing evidence for Cu(II) in sulfides as had been claimed. Most of the NEXAFS spectra simulated by the FEFF8 and WIEN2k ab initio codes agreed well with experimental spectra, and the calculated densities of states were useful in rationalising the observed properties. XPS, static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and NEXAFS spectroscopy were used to investigate thiol flotation collector adsorption on several sulfides in order to determine the way in which the collector chemisorbs to the mineral surface, to differentiate monolayer from multilayer coverage, and to characterise the multilayer species. It was found that static SIMS alone was able to differentiate monolayer from multilayer coverage, and together with angle-resolved NEXAFS spectroscopy, was also able to confirm that 2-mercaptobenzothiazole interacted through both its N and exocyclic S atoms. The altered layers formed on chalcopyrite and heazlewoodite during acid leaching were examined primarily by means of threshold S KLL Auger electron spectroscopy, but no evidence for buried interfacial species was obtained.

The aim of this work was to determine whether a mechanism exists for bacterial oxidation of covellite (CuS) other than that involving cyclic reduction and oxidation of soluble iron, and to describe any such mechanism.It was thought likely that mechanisms of bacterial attack on CuS would also apply to other metal sulphides. High purity covellite was synthesized by the thermal reaction of sulphur and copper. Thiobacillus cultures were obtained from other workers and from the natural environment, and enriched for sulphide oxidizing capability. Oxygen consumption was monitored polarographically. Soluble copper, sulphate and total iron were assayed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry while ferrous ion was determind spectrophotometrically as a complex with orthophenanthroline. By rapid specific inhibition of biological activity during sulphide oxidation, the contribution of bacteria to the stoichiometry of oxidation was determined. At pH 2.5 the product of either biological (Thiobaccillus ferrooxidans) or non-biological oxidation was CuSO4, the biological rate exceeding the non-biological rate about a hundredfold. At pH 4.5 T.thioparus was incapable of oxidizing CuS itself but catalysed attack by oxygen (about fivefold) by oxidizing a sulphur passivation film which formed by reaction of CuS with oxygen. The nett result was again CuSO4 production. At pH 2.5 three strains of T. ferrooxidans oxidized CuS itself without the aid of ferric ion; a fourth strain (BJR-V-1) was completely dependent on ferric ion or dissolved oxygen to oxidize CuS to sulphur. In situations where dissolved oxygen initiated the oxidation of CuS, the oxidation rate was approximately first order with respect to dissolved oxygen, while zero order kinetics were observed when other mechanisms predominated. In dilution experiments designed to demonstrate the dependence of sulphide oxidation (to sulphate) on physical contact between bacteria and mineral surfaces, no dependence was observed. It was concluded that water soluble intermediate were involved in CuS oxidation by T. ferrooxidans and in sulphur transport to the cells of T. ferrooxidans and T. thioparus. Arguments were advanced suggesting that the intermediates were inorganic and the concentration of intermediates was estimated from experimental results and the theory if diffusion. The process of CuS passivation was studied; consumption of oxygen and acid, and production of cupric ion and sulphate were measured, the results indicating that passivation resulted from the accumulation of approximately 30 micromole of elemental sulphur per square metre of CuS. Oxygen consumed during depassivation by thiobacilli supported this conclusion. Assuming an even distribution of sulphur over the surface, the film was calculated to be one or two atoms thick. From consideration of the results of this study it was proposed that polythionates may be involved both in CuS oxidation by bacteria and in transport of sulphur into bacterial cells. The role of iron was investigated. Chemically synthesized ferric ion was less effective in CuS oxidation than was ferric ion produced by T. ferrooxidans strain BJR-V-1 through oxidation of ferrous ion. The half saturation ferrous ion concentration with respect to oxidation by each of the T. ferrooxidans strains was approximately 10-5 molar, in contrast to values of 10-2 molar reported by others. Further ferrous oxidation kinetic experiments with strain BJR-V-1 indicated that the major substrate for the rate limiting reaction in ferrous oxidation was a ferrous phosphate complex; a sulphate complex also played a part.

The electronic spectra of sulfide minerals can be complex, and their features difficult to assign. Often, therefore, they are interpreted using electronic-structure models obtained from quantum-chemical calculations. The aim of this study is to provide such models for the minerals sphalerite, wurtzite, pyrite, marcasite, and chalcopyrite. All are important minerals within a mining context, either as a source for their component metals or as a gangue mineral. They are also semiconductors. Each is the structural archetype for a particular class of semiconductors, and so a knowledge of their electronic structures has wider applicability. / Thesis (PhDAppliedScience)--University of South Australia, 2006.

The electronic spectra of sulfide minerals can be complex, and their features difficult to assign. Often, therefore, they are interpreted using electronic-structure models obtained from quantum-chemical calculations. The aim of this study is to provide such models for the minerals sphalerite, wurtzite, pyrite, marcasite, and chalcopyrite. All are important minerals within a mining context, either as a source for their component metals or as a gangue mineral. They are also semiconductors. Each is the structural archetype for a particular class of semiconductors, and so a knowledge of their electronic structures has wider applicability. / Thesis (PhDAppliedScience)--University of South Australia, 2006.

Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2000

Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2000

Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 1996

Surface spectroscopic techniques have been applied to facets of the flotation beneficiation and hydrometallurgical extraction of sulfide minerals to enhance the fundamental understanding of these industrially important processes. As a precursor to the determination of surface chemical composition, the sub-surface properties of some sulfide minerals that have not previously been fully characterised were also investigated. The electronic properties of ??-NiS and ??-NiS (millerite), Ni3S2 (heazlewoodite), (Ni,Fe)9S8 (pentlandite), CuFe2S3 (cubanite), CuFeS2 (chalcopyrite), Cu5FeS4 (bornite) and CuS (covellite) were investigated by conventional and synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy augmented by ab initio density of state calculations and NEXAFS spectral simulations. Particular aspects studied included the relationship between sulfur coordination number and core electron binding energies, the higher than expected core electron binding energies for the sulfur in the metal-excess nickel sulfides, and the formal oxidation states of the Cu and Fe in Cu-Fe sulfides. It was concluded that the binding energy dependence on coordination number was less than previously believed, that Ni-Ni bonding was the most likely explanation for the unusual properties of the Ni sulfides, and that there was no convincing evidence for Cu(II) in sulfides as had been claimed. Most of the NEXAFS spectra simulated by the FEFF8 and WIEN2k ab initio codes agreed well with experimental spectra, and the calculated densities of states were useful in rationalising the observed properties. XPS, static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and NEXAFS spectroscopy were used to investigate thiol flotation collector adsorption on several sulfides in order to determine the way in which the collector chemisorbs to the mineral surface, to differentiate monolayer from multilayer coverage, and to characterise the multilayer species. It was found that static SIMS alone was able to differentiate monolayer from multilayer coverage, and together with angle-resolved NEXAFS spectroscopy, was also able to confirm that 2-mercaptobenzothiazole interacted through both its N and exocyclic S atoms. The altered layers formed on chalcopyrite and heazlewoodite during acid leaching were examined primarily by means of threshold S KLL Auger electron spectroscopy, but no evidence for buried interfacial species was obtained.

Surface spectroscopic techniques have been applied to facets of the flotation beneficiation and hydrometallurgical extraction of sulfide minerals to enhance the fundamental understanding of these industrially important processes. As a precursor to the determination of surface chemical composition, the sub-surface properties of some sulfide minerals that have not previously been fully characterised were also investigated. The electronic properties of ??-NiS and ??-NiS (millerite), Ni3S2 (heazlewoodite), (Ni,Fe)9S8 (pentlandite), CuFe2S3 (cubanite), CuFeS2 (chalcopyrite), Cu5FeS4 (bornite) and CuS (covellite) were investigated by conventional and synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy augmented by ab initio density of state calculations and NEXAFS spectral simulations. Particular aspects studied included the relationship between sulfur coordination number and core electron binding energies, the higher than expected core electron binding energies for the sulfur in the metal-excess nickel sulfides, and the formal oxidation states of the Cu and Fe in Cu-Fe sulfides. It was concluded that the binding energy dependence on coordination number was less than previously believed, that Ni-Ni bonding was the most likely explanation for the unusual properties of the Ni sulfides, and that there was no convincing evidence for Cu(II) in sulfides as had been claimed. Most of the NEXAFS spectra simulated by the FEFF8 and WIEN2k ab initio codes agreed well with experimental spectra, and the calculated densities of states were useful in rationalising the observed properties. XPS, static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and NEXAFS spectroscopy were used to investigate thiol flotation collector adsorption on several sulfides in order to determine the way in which the collector chemisorbs to the mineral surface, to differentiate monolayer from multilayer coverage, and to characterise the multilayer species. It was found that static SIMS alone was able to differentiate monolayer from multilayer coverage, and together with angle-resolved NEXAFS spectroscopy, was also able to confirm that 2-mercaptobenzothiazole interacted through both its N and exocyclic S atoms. The altered layers formed on chalcopyrite and heazlewoodite during acid leaching were examined primarily by means of threshold S KLL Auger electron spectroscopy, but no evidence for buried interfacial species was obtained.

Surface spectroscopic techniques have been applied to facets of the flotation beneficiation and hydrometallurgical extraction of sulfide minerals to enhance the fundamental understanding of these industrially important processes. As a precursor to the determination of surface chemical composition, the sub-surface properties of some sulfide minerals that have not previously been fully characterised were also investigated. The electronic properties of ??-NiS and ??-NiS (millerite), Ni3S2 (heazlewoodite), (Ni,Fe)9S8 (pentlandite), CuFe2S3 (cubanite), CuFeS2 (chalcopyrite), Cu5FeS4 (bornite) and CuS (covellite) were investigated by conventional and synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy augmented by ab initio density of state calculations and NEXAFS spectral simulations. Particular aspects studied included the relationship between sulfur coordination number and core electron binding energies, the higher than expected core electron binding energies for the sulfur in the metal-excess nickel sulfides, and the formal oxidation states of the Cu and Fe in Cu-Fe sulfides. It was concluded that the binding energy dependence on coordination number was less than previously believed, that Ni-Ni bonding was the most likely explanation for the unusual properties of the Ni sulfides, and that there was no convincing evidence for Cu(II) in sulfides as had been claimed. Most of the NEXAFS spectra simulated by the FEFF8 and WIEN2k ab initio codes agreed well with experimental spectra, and the calculated densities of states were useful in rationalising the observed properties. XPS, static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and NEXAFS spectroscopy were used to investigate thiol flotation collector adsorption on several sulfides in order to determine the way in which the collector chemisorbs to the mineral surface, to differentiate monolayer from multilayer coverage, and to characterise the multilayer species. It was found that static SIMS alone was able to differentiate monolayer from multilayer coverage, and together with angle-resolved NEXAFS spectroscopy, was also able to confirm that 2-mercaptobenzothiazole interacted through both its N and exocyclic S atoms. The altered layers formed on chalcopyrite and heazlewoodite during acid leaching were examined primarily by means of threshold S KLL Auger electron spectroscopy, but no evidence for buried interfacial species was obtained.