none

Abstract Sun Zi¡¦s Art of War , an outstanding masterpiece, now has become many countries¡¦ military and managerial scripture, such as Taiwan, China, America, Germany, Russia, Britain, France, Japan, ¡K etc. Owning profound charisma, the ancient Chinese product of wisdom provides unceasing treasury of edification, deep cerebration, and pragmatic core concept. It has been spread for two thousand years ago, and still prevails among the world now. So long can it be spread, not only it has the remarkable idea of an epoch, but also it has different and flexible elucidation for various environments and conditions. Thus, Sun Zi¡¦s Art of War can be applied in a variety of domains, e.g. military, diplomacy, economy, education, culture, management¡Ketc. Especially it is famous that US has applied the Sun Zi¡¦s Art of War in conducting in real war operation, and Japan has studied it for a long time and applied it in the business management. Thus, there must be much more enlightenment in the application of Sun Zi¡¦s Art of War for business management, particularly in the area of leadership, strategy, innovation and decision. The main purpose of this study is to use qualitative method to probe the implication of Sun Zi¡¦s Art of War, and to apply them in the area of leadership, strategy, innovation and decision. The conclusions of this research are: 1. In the domain of leadership, we get 2 important points¡G (1) Leadership is a matter of intelligence, trustworthiness, humaneness, courage, and sternness (Strategic Assessments);(2) If you know your soldiers are capable of striking, but do not know whether the enemy is invulnerable to a strike, you have half a chance of winning. If you know the enemy is vulnerable to a strike, but do not know if your soldiers are incapable of making such a strike, you have half a chance of winning. If you know the enemy is vulnerable to a strike, and know your soldiers can make the strike, but do not know if the lay of the land makes it unsuitable for battle, you have half a chance of winning. Therefore those who know martial arts do not wander when they move, and do not become exhausted when they rise up. So it is said that when you know yourself and others, victory is not in danger; when you know sky and earth, victory is inexhaustible. (Terrains ). The requisitions of a leader are to cultivate the style of majesty, to adapt himself to circumstances, to be a model of virtue for others, to adopt the honesty opinions, to absorb the profound knowledge, and to act enthusiastically and actively. 2. In the domain of strategy, we get 2 important points: (1) The general rule for use of the military is that it is better to keep a nation intact than to destroy it. It is better to keep an army intact than to destroy it, better to keep a division intact than to destroy it, better to keep a battalion intact than to destroy it, better to keep a unit intact than to destroy it (Planning A Siege); (2)Therefore those who win every battle are not really skillful -- those who render others' armies helpless without fighting are the best of all ( Planning A Siege). Firstly, we use the ¡§the judgement of structure¡¨ in the processes of strategic planning to analyze the internal and external environments of an enterprise, then define the problems clearly. Secondly, ¡§the number in mind¡¨ can be used in knowing the SWOT of a company. Thirdly, ¡§action in the selection of advantage¡¨ can plan the initiatives. Fourthly, ¡§the judgement of structure¡¨ can analyze the feasibility of initiatives. Fifthly, ¡§the creation of environments¡¨, ¡§win without fight¡¨, ¡§usage of detour and direct¡¨¡K.etc., will ascertain the future strategies. Sixthly, energize the organization to execute the ascertained strategies. Seventhly, to evolve a new style of strategy and to accumulate the resources. Eighthly, combine with the first item, then constitute an integral and effective process of planning. 3. In the domain of innovation ,we get 2 important points¡G (1) Therefore one who is good at martial arts overcomes others' forces without battle, conquers others' cities without siege, destroys others' nations without taking a long time. It is imperative to contest all factions for complete victory, so the army is not garrisoned and the profit can be total. This is the law of strategic siege ( Planning A Siege); (2) So to fail to know the conditions of opponents because of reluctance to give rewards for intelligence is extremely inhumane, uncharacteristic of a true military leader, uncharacteristic of an assistant of the government, uncharacteristic of a victorious chief ( Use Of Spies). The requisitions of a successful innovation are selection of an adequate leader, correct and precise diagnosis, determination of action plan, sincere and sufficient communication, right procession of innovation, and exactness of examination. 4. In the domain of decision ,we get 2 important points¡G (1) The flow of water is determined by the earth, the victory of a military force is determined by the opponent. So a military force has no constant formation, water has no constant shape: the ability to gain victory by changing and adapting according to the opponent is called genius (Emptiness and Fullness); (2)According to the rule of military operations, there are nine kinds of grounds.(Nine Grounds). According to the principles of resolution, emptiness & fullness, change, swiftness, completeness, advantages, scrutinization make decisions, Sun Zi believed that such principles will make the decisions easier to implement successfully.

A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 1991 / Although the perception of the design of Michelangelo's Last Judgment as dependent upon a basically circular composition around the figure of Christ has generally been observed in the literature, no sailsfactory explanation of this has been presented. In the following hypothesis, a cosmological interpretation of Michelangelo's Last Judgment proposes new sources for the circular design of the fresco around a central Apollonian Sun-Christ. After. an outline of the basic nature of the problem, an examination of earlier examples of the Last Judgment demonstrates the cosmological associations of the traditional iconography of the subject, primarily related to the hierarchical implications! of the 'flat-earth theory,' which places Heaven above and Hell beneath the earth's surface. Close formal analysis of Michelangelo's own version of the Last Judgment, which emphasizes the innovative aspects of its organisation, is then followed by an assessment of various existing interpretations of the work. In then examining the type of Sources which appear likely to have contributed to the final programme of the work, different areas of religious, literary and philosophical material are brought under consideration. In order to resolve the meaning of the fresco's iconography and composition, the influences upon Michelangelo of the Catholic religion and Reform thought, of the writings of Dante, and of Florentine Neoplatonism have been examined in an entirely new way, from a cosmologicalpoint of view, which brings to light their common emphasis on the Sun as a eymbol of the Deity. A new area of potential source material, that of contemporary scientific cosmology, has also been considered. Prevailing knowledge of Copernicus' theory of the Sun-centred universe, hitherto dismissed as a possible direct influence by renowned writers like Charles de Tolnay, on the grounds of chronology, is specifically discussed and found to be securely documented in Vatican circles at the time of the commission. Thus the sources finally proposed for the overall theme of Sun-symbolism and Cosmologyin the fresco are found to 'be dependent upon the common. ground shared between the Catholic Reformation revival of the traditional Christian analogy between the Deity and the Sun, the Neoplatonic cult of Sun-symholism, literary sources in Dante and the scientific theory of heliocentricity, as developed by Copernicus. Against this background of the History of Ideas in the Renaissance period, consideration of art historical methods leads to the suggestion of a newly proposed Biblical source for the fresco and, finally)l discussion of the deductive method of art historical intterpretation suggests the broader implications of the hypothesls, Ii both for the life and work at Michelangelo himself as well as for the/! sixteenth-century 'context of the fresco's creation. / MT2017