Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται τη μελέτη και την εγκατάσταση ενός φωτοβολταϊκού συστήματος. Η εργασία αυτή εκπονήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Παραγωγής, Μεταφοράς, Διανομής και Χρησιμοποίησης Ηλεκτρικής Ενέργειας του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Σκοπός, πέρα από την εγκατάσταση του εξοπλισμού, είναι η μελέτη του συστήματος που δημιουργήθηκε ώστε να λειτουργεί με 3 διαφορετικούς τρόπους: α) Μονοφασικό συνδεδεμένο στο δίκτυο διανομής, β) Τριφασικό συνδεδεμένο στο δίκτυο διανομής και γ) Μονοφασικό αυτόνομο. Το σύστημα που δημιουργήσαμε αποτελείται από μία φωτοβολταϊκη συστοιχία με ονομαστική ισχύ 2880 W, τρείς αντιστροφείς συνδεδεμένου συστήματος και ένα αντιστροφέα αυτόνομου συστήματος. Ακόμη για τη σωστή εγκατάσταση χρησιμοποιήσαμε κατάλληλα προστατευτικά στοιχεία, βάσεις, καλώδια και συσσωρευτές. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο, γίνεται μια εισαγωγή για την ενέργεια και τη χρησιμοποίηση της από τον άνθρωπο και περιγράφεται η ηλεκτροπαραγωγή, οι ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας και τα βασικά στοιχεία του ηλεκτρικού συστήματος στην Ελλάδα για το 2009. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα χαρακτηριστικά μεγέθη της ηλιακής ακτινοβολίας, καθώς επίσης και ο τρόπος με τον οποίο καθορίζεται ο βέλτιστος τρόπος τοποθέτησης των φωτοβολταϊκών πλαισίων. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο, εξηγείται ο τρόπος λειτουργίας των φωτοβολταϊκών στοιχείων, αναλύονται τα ηλεκτρικά χαρακτηριστικά τους και αναφέρονται οι διάφορες τεχνολογίες των φωτοβολταϊκών στοιχείων που έχουν αναπτυχθεί μέχρι σήμερα. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο, αναφερόμαστε στα είδη των μετατροπέων ισχύος και στο βαθμό απόδοσης τους. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο, παρατίθενται οι γενικές αρχές δημιουργίας ενός φωτοβολταϊκού συστήματος και παρουσιάζονται τα είδη των Φωτοβολταϊκών συστημάτων. Στο έκτο κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάζεται η μελέτη, ο τρόπος λειτουργίας και ο εξοπλισμός του συστήματος που εγκαταστάθηκε στο Εργαστήριο. Στο έβδομο κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάζονται οι μετρήσεις που ελήφθησαν και τα σχετικά διαγράμματα, ο σχολιασμός τους όπως επίσης και ο τρόπος καταγραφής τους. Στο όγδοο κεφάλαιο, αναφερόμαστε στις δυσκολίες που παρουσιάστηκαν κατά την εκπόνηση της διπλωματικής εργασίας. / The present thesis is concerned with the design and installation of a photovoltaic system. The work was conducted at the Power systems Laboratory of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering School of Engineering, University of Patras. The objective of this thesis is the installation of the equipment and the study of the system, set up to work in three different ways: a) Single-phase grid connected, b) Three-phase grid connected and c) Single phase stand-alone. The photovoltaic system that was installed in the laboratory consists of a photovoltaic array with rated power 2880W, 3 inverters for a grid connected system and 1 inverter for a stand-alone system. In addition, cables, protective equipment, mounting bases and batteries were used. The first chapter is an introduction to energy and describes the power production, the renewable energy sources and the basic information of the electrical system of Greece in 2009. The second chapter presents the features of solar radiation, and the optimal method for the mounting of the modules. The third chapter explains the way that the operation of a photovoltaic cell, analyses the electric characteristics and reports the various technologies of the photovoltaics. The fourth chapter analyses the types of the power converters and their efficiency. The fifth chapter presents the general principles of creating a photovoltaic system, the way of their connection, and presents the types of Photovoltaic systems. The sixth chapter presents the way of operation and the equipment of the photovoltaic system that was installed in the Laboratory. The seventh chapter explains the details of the present study regarding the mode of operation and the equipment of the system that was installed in the Lab, showing the relevant measurements and charts. The eighth chapter is a reference to the difficulties encountered throughout the implementation of the project.

Orientador: Jurandir Zullo Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T10:45:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nascimento_CristinaRodrigues_M.pdf: 15175487 bytes, checksum: d9905da2c3f9b6c5fa573693ce9e61a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O sensoriamento remoto nas regiões espectrais do visível e do infravermelho próximo constitui uma das ferramentas mais importantes para o entendimento da biosfera e de suas dinâmicas. Entretanto, estas duas regiões são afetadas pelos efeitos atmosféricos tais como, o espalhamento e a absorção,ocasionados por sua vez pelos aerossóis e gases atmosféricos. Na tentativa de obter o fator de reflectância bi-direcional da superfície terrestre, nos canais 1 e 2 do sensor AVHRR, foi realizada a correção atmosférica, baseada na entrada de dados, tais como espessura óptica dos aerossóis, coluna total de vapor d?água e carga total de ozônio, respectivamente fornecidos pelo sensor MODIS. O intuito da utilização deste sensor está diretamente relacionado à obtenção das informações, necessários para a correção atmosférica, considerando-se a variabilidade dos parâmetros no tempo e no espaço. Para tanto foi utilizado o aplicativo SCORADIS, fundamentado no modelo de transferência radiativa 5S, então adaptado, para possibilitar a correção atmosférica de toda a imagem do AVHRR a partir da entrada das imagens correspondentes aos planos atmosféricos, através da utilização de quatro metodologias distintas de correção atmosférica. As análises realizadas indicaram que as correções realizadas a partir dos dados atmosféricos do sensor MODIS apresentaram resultados coerentes com o esperado após a eliminação dos efeitos de espalhamento e de absorção atmosférica, nos canais 1 e 2 do NOAA-17, nas duas datas consideradas (14/07/2004 e 30/08/2005). Para o NDVI, a diferença percentual entre as imagens com e sem correção chegaram a ser de, aproximadamente, 60%, o que ressalta a importância da correção atmosférica destes canais, principalmente no acompanhamento da vegetação a partir de imagens multitemporais. Não se observou diferença significativa entre as metodologias utilizadas para a entrada dos dados atmosféricos no sistema de correção atmosférica, devido, possivelmente, à magnitude dos valores utilizados e à áreateste escolhida. Os produtos obtidos a partir das imagens do MODIS mostraram potencial para utilização na estimativa dos principais parâmetros atmosféricos necessários para a correção atmosférica (como a espessura óptica dos aerossóis e conteúdo de vapor d'água e ozônio) e que são de grande dificuldade para obtenção em campo / Abstract: Remote sensing in the spectral regions of visible and infrared is one of the most important techniques used for studying the biosphere. However these two spectral regions are affected by atmospheric effects as scattering and absorption, caused by aerosols and atmospheric gases. In the attempt to obtain the real reflectance of ground surface, in channels 1 and 2 of AVHRR sensor, was performed the atmospheric correction of two NOAA images acquired on July/14/2004 and August/30/2005, based on atmospheric data supplied by the MODIS sensor, considering the spatial and temporal variability of these parameters. The system SCORADIS, based on the radiative transfer model called 5S, was adapted to read images having values of aerosols optical thickness, water vapor content and ozone contents corresponding spatially to each pixel of a AVHRR/NOAA image. Four distinct methodologies were used to define the images of atmospheric parameters. Coherent results were obtained using atmospheric data from MODIS, indicating that the scattering and absorption effects were correctly eliminated from the NOAA images in the two dates considered. The difference between the NDVI calculated with corrected and noncorrected images was up to 60%, showing the importance of using corrected images in applications based on multitemporal images. There was not observed significant difference among the four methodologies applied to define the atmospheric data used in the atmospheric correction system due, maybe, to the magnitude of the values and to the atmospheric conditions of test-area. The atmospheric products from MODIS can be used to defining the input data (like aerosol optical thickness, water vapor contents and ozone contents) for the atmospheric correction systems of AVHRR/NOAA images / Mestrado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Orientador: Carlos Kenichi Suzuki / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T09:52:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcuz_Nadia_M.pdf: 2618186 bytes, checksum: bf57e53a2d504fb7eb70931387caa188 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O tratamento por plasma térmico de resíduos hospitalares gera como subproduto um material vitrocerâmico com alto poder de bloquear radiação ultravioleta e infravermelho próximo. A composição deste material apresenta como elementos majoritários cálcio, silício, ferro, alumínio e oxigênio. O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender a cinética de devitrificação das múltiplas fases do vitrocerâmico pelo controle do tratamento térmico e o seu efeito na absorção de radiação ultravioleta. Determinou-se por análise térmica diferencial as temperaturas de fusão e recristalização. Amostras vítreas obtidas por fusão a 1300 °C seguido por resfriamento rápido foram tratadas termicamente para induzir a devitrificação. Através da técnica de difração de raios-X identificou-se três estruturas cristalinas, Mg(Al,Fe)2O4, Ca(Ti,Mg,Al)(Si,Al)2O6 e NaAlSiO4, e determinou-se o tamanho médio e quantidade dos cristalitos presentes nessas fases com as diferentes temperaturas de tratamento térmico. As fases cristalinas formadas exercem influência na absorção óptica na faixa de ultravioleta, possibilitando a aplicação deste vitrocerâmico como agente ativo em bloqueadores ultravioleta comerciais. Medidas de transmitância óptica mostraram que o crescimento das fases Ca(Ti,Mg,Al)(Si,Al)2O6 e NaAlSiO4 induziram um fator de redução de 55% para 6% nos valores de transmitâncias ópticas no espectro ultravioleta (290 a 400 nm). A relevância deste trabalho revela-se no controle da formação das fases cristalinas do material que contribuem efetivamente na absorção da radiação ultravioleta / Abstract: A glass-ceramic material generated by plasma treatment of hospital waste has a remarkable property to block ultraviolet and near infrared radiation. The main composition elements of such a glass-ceramic are: calcium, silicon, iron, aluminum and oxygen. The objective of the present research is to understand the kinetics of devitrification of multiple phases by the control of thermal treatment conditions, and their effect on the ultraviolet absorption. The melting and crystallization temperatures of the glass-ceramic material were determined by differential thermal analysis. Vitreous samples were obtained by melting the as-received material at 1300 °C, followed by quenching. Afterwards, samples were thermally treated, inducing controlled crystallization. By X-ray diffraction technique, three crystalline phases were identified: Mg(Al,Fe)2O4, Ca(Ti,Mg,Al)(Si,Al)2O6 and NaAlSiO4. Average size and concentration of the crystallites were also determined. The formed crystalline phases have strong influence in the optical absorbance at ultraviolet band, which allows this glass-ceramic to be used as an active agent in commercial ultraviolet blockers. Optical transmittance measurements showed that the growth of nano-order crystalline phases Ca(Ti,Mg,Al)(Si,Al)2O6, and NaAlSiO4 reduced the optical transmittance from a factor of 55% to 6% at the ultraviolet band (290 to 400 nm). The relevance of this work is shown on the effect of size and concentration of crystalline phases, that contributes to the optical absorption of ultraviolet radiation / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica