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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Barns tankar och idéer om himlakropparnas rörelse : Vanliga astronomiska missförstånd / Children’s Thoughts and Ideas About Celestial Motion : Common astronomical misconceptions

Johansson, Elin January 2014 (has links)
Sammanfattning De flesta barn fängslas och visar intresse för temat rymden och finner vanligtvis att det är ett mycket intressant ämne. Fokusgruppen har varit elever i årskurs 4-6 och efter några större bortfall var det slutligen elever ifrån 8 klasser som deltog, totalt 94 elever. Eleverna fick svara på en enkät där eleverna i både text och bild bland annat fick förklara hur de trodde att objekten i sol–jord–månsystemet samverkade och rörde sig i förhållande till varandra, vad de placerade i centrum för detta system, hur de såg på orsaken till årstider samt varför vi har dag och natt. De två pedagogerna som undervisade klasserna fick svara på några frågor om hur de såg på undervisningen om astronomi, om den undervisningsmetod de använde sig av och på elevernas lärande och förståelse för ämnet astronomi.    I denna undersökning kunde samma typer av missuppfattningar ses hos dessa elever, som de missuppfattningar som har dykt upp i en rad olika undersökningar som genomförts tidigare år med andra barn ifrån olika länder. Några av de missuppfattningar som fanns hos eleverna i denna undersökning var bland annat att jorden var mittpunkten, något som en femtedel av eleverna visade. Att sol och måne låg i samma omloppsbana runt jorden, årstiderna orsakas av att avståndet till solen förändras och att dag/natt beror på jordens omloppsbana runt solen var några andra missuppfattningar som rådde bland eleverna. Användandet av konkret material och 3D-modeller i undervisningen om rymden tycks vara en viktig del för elevernas förståelse av området.   Nyckelord: undervisning om rymden – astronomiska missförstånd – årstider – dag/natt – omloppsbanor i sol–jord–månsystemet / Abstract Most children find astronomy an interesting subject and usually show an interest during lessons about the subject. The focus group in this paper is Swedish students in school year 4-6. In total there were 94 students from eight classes who answered the survey with simple drawings and explanations about for example how they thought the objects Sun–Earth–Moon orbit each other, which object they placed as the center in this system, what causes season and the reason behind day and night. Two teachers whom educate the students answered some questions about their teaching method, their thoughts about the subject in question and the students learning and understanding of astronomy.   In the study that are presented in this paper the same types of astronomical misconceptions can be seen amongst these students, that has been shown in similar studies of children all over the world. 20 % of the children in this study showed an earth centered Sun–Earth–Moon system. Other misconceptions that were shown was: the sun and the moon shares the same orbit around the earth, that the seasons are caused by the distance to the sun changing and that day and night happens because the earth orbits the sun. The use of concrete material and 3D-models in the education seemed to be important for the students understanding of the subject.   Keywords: Astronomy education – astronomy misconceptions – seasons – day/night – Celestial Motion in the Sun–Earth–Moon system
2

Étude de la dynamique autour et entre les points de Lagrange de modèles Terre-Lune-Soleil cohérents / Study of dynamics about and between libration points of Sun-Earth-Moon coherent models

Le Bihan, Bastien 19 December 2017 (has links)
Au cours des dernières décennies, l’étude de la dynamique autour des points de Lagrange des systèmes Terre-Lune (EMLi) et Terre-Soleil (SELi) a ouvert de nouvelles possibilités pour les orbites et les transferts spatiaux. Souvent modélisés comme des Problèmes à Trois Corps (CR3BP) distincts, ces deux systèmes ont également été combinés pour produire des trajectoiresà faible coût dans le système Terre-Lune-Soleil étendu. Cette approximation (PACR3BP) a permis de mettre en évidence un réseau à faible énergie de trajectoires (LEN) qui relie la Terre, la Lune, EML1,2 et SEL1,2. Cependant, pour chaque trajectoire calculée, le PACR3BP nécessite une connexion arbitraire entre les CR3BPs, ce qui complique son utilisation systématique. Cette thèse vise à mettre en place une modélisation à quatre corps non autonome pour l’étude du LEN basé sur un système Hamiltonien périodique cohérent, le Problème Quasi-Bicirculaire (QBCP). Tout d’abord, la Méthode de Paramétrisation est appliquée afin d’obtenir une représentation semi-analytique des variétés invariantes autour de chaque point de Lagrange. Une recherche systématique de connexions EML1,2-SEL1,2 peut alors être effectuée dans l’espace des paramètres : les conditions initiales sur la variété centrale-instable de EML1,2 sont propagées et les trajectoires résultantes sont projetées sur la variété centrale de SEL1,2 . Un transfert est détecté lorsque la distance de projection est proche de zéro. Les familles de transfert obtenues sont corrigées dans un modèle newtonien haute-fidélité du système solaire. La structure globale des connections est largement préservée et valide l’utilisation du QBCP comme modèle de base du LEN. / In recent decades, the dynamics about the libration points of the Sun-Earth (SELi) and Earth-Moon (EMLi ) systems have been increasingly studied and used, both in terms of transfer trajectory computation and nominal orbit design. Often seen as two distinct Circular Restricted Three Body Problems (CR3BP), both systems have also been combined to produce efficient transfers in the Sun-Earth-Moon system. This patched CR3BP approximation (PACR3BP) allowed to uncover a low-energy network (LEN) of trajectories that interconnect the Earth, the Moon, EML1,2 and SEL1,2 . However, for every computed trajectory, the PACR3BP requires an arbitrary connection between the CR3BPs, which limits its use in a systematic tool. This thesis introduces a single non-autonomous four-body framework for the study of the LEN based on a coherent periodically-forced Hamiltonian system, the Quasi-Bicircular Problem (QBCP). First, the Parameterization Method is applied in order to obtain high-order, periodic, semi-analytical parameterizations of the invariant manifolds about each libration point. A systematic search for EML1,2 -SEL1,2 connections can then be performed in the parameterization space: initial conditions on the center-unstable manifold at EML1,2 are propagated and projected on the center manifold at SEL1,2. A transfer is found each time that the distance of projection is close to zero. These trajectories are refined as solutions of a Boundary Value Problem, which uncover families of natural transfers, later transitioned into a higher-fidelity model. The global structure of the connecting orbits is largely preserved, which validates the QBCP as a relevant model for the LEN.

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