In order to reduce the use of landfilling within waste management great emphasis is being placed on waste reduction and recycling. Each year in the UK approximately 2.5 Mt of waste glass is produced and approximately half of this waste is not recyclable. Therefore alternative ways need to be found for using waste glass and one possibility is to use it within concrete as a replacement for cement and/ or aggregate. In the research programme concrete mixes were tested which had 0%, 25%, 50% and 100% of the fine aggregate replaced by crushed waste glass. All glass was originally in bottle form and was crushed to produce ‘sand’ which had a grading curve more-orless identical to fine aggregate obtained from a commercial supplier. Three colours of glass were studied, i.e. flint (clear), amber and green. Concretes were also made which contained a mixture of colours (in proportion according to the weight of each type of waste glass produced annually within the UK) and also a mixture of unwashed waste glasses. The overall concrete mix adopted for investigation, i.e. 1:2:4, was selected because of its wide use within industry, and all concrete was made with a water:cement content of 0.6 without the addition of plasticiser or ASR-retarding agents. The suite of laboratory tests included; slump, flow, initial and final setting time, ultrasonic pulse velocity, water absorption by immersion and capillarity rise, ASR measurement (volumetric and linear), compression strength at ages from 7 days to 365 days. Techniques of developed digital imaging and processing have been applied to the glass aggregate to quantify various particle shape factors, i.e. aspect ratio, percentage concavity, Riley inscribed sphericity and surface texture index. Statistical analysis has been used to compare the distribution of particle forms present within the fine aggregate materials used in the experimental work. Dimensional changes (in three orthogonal directions) were measured as concrete cubes hardened over a period up to 365 days. The length changes of concrete prisms were also measured over the same period of time. The resultant data indicated that a fine aggregate which comprised 25% glass and 75% sand would be categorised as “non-expansive”, i.e. the same as the sand on its own. As the proportion of glass in the fine aggregate became greater than the aggregate became more expansive but it did not exceed recommended limits.

Robotics and autonomous systems (RAS) have great potential to propel the world to future growth. Electroadhesion is a promising and potentially revolutionising material handling technology for manufacturing automation applications. There is, however, a lack of an in-depth understanding of this electrostatic adhesion phenomenon based on a confident electroadhesive pad design, manufacture, and testing platform and procedure. This Ph.D. research endeavours to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of electroadhesion based on an extensive literature review, theoretical modelling, electrostatic simulation, and experimental validation based on a repeatable pad design, manufacture, and testing platform and procedure.

Na usinagem de acabamento de superfícies complexas de forma livre, comumente empregada na fabricação de moldes e matrizes, o conhecimento das condições de corte e estratégias adequadas para o fresamento de material endurecido podem proporcionar a obtenção de superfícies de melhor qualidade e controle dimensional, além de uma redução significativa nos tempos e custos de fabricação. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a formação da textura no fresamento de materiais endurecidos, através da avaliação quantitativa e qualitativa, quanto a rugosidade, regularidade e formação da superfície. Para estudar este fenômeno foi empregada uma ferramenta de ponta esférica com inserto intercambiável. Os experimentos foram realizados utilizando-se corpos-de-prova de aço AISI H13 na dureza de 54 HRC, posicionados a uma inclinação de 60°, empregando-se condições de corte fixas e quatro diferentes estratégias de usinagem, com trajetórias de corte horizontal e vertical, ascendente ou descendente em relação ao plano inclinado. Para sua caracterização, as superfícies usinadas foram submetidas à medição de rugosidade e métodos distintos para a visualização e obtenção de imagens da textura, sendo eles: microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia de força atômica (AFM). Foi possível constatar através dos valores de rugosidade e imagens topográficas das superfícies usinadas que as texturas resultantes mostram nitidamente a influência da estratégia de corte empregada, caracterizando-se distintamente. As texturas analisadas revelam um padrão uniforme e repetitivo, com exceção à estratégia vertical ascendente (VS), que originou uma textura irregular e indefinida, onde as marcas de passagem da ferramenta não se apresentam nítidas. Para esta condição observou-se na superfície usinada a presença de material deformado e aderido, apresentando a maior rugosidade, sendo que as menores rugosidades foram medidos para a estratégia vertical descendente (VD). / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-20T17:28:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Gerson Luiz Nicola.pdf: 18583662 bytes, checksum: 3d927824543520a3c9152ab459406152 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T17:28:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Gerson Luiz Nicola.pdf: 18583662 bytes, checksum: 3d927824543520a3c9152ab459406152 (MD5) / In the final milling process of free form surfaces, commonly employed in the production of molds and dies, the knowledge of the cutting conditions and a strategy for choosing adequate processing routes in the milling of hardened materials can provide superior surface quality and dimensional control and a significant reduction in the manufacturing times and costs. The objective of this work is to understand the texture formation in the milling of hardened materials, through the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the surface roughness, as well as the formation and the regularity of the surfaces. The tool used in these experiments was an interchangeable insert tungsten carbide, ball nose end mill. AISI H13 steel with a final hardness of 54 HRC was used throughout the experimental work. The workpiece was fixed on a device with an inclination of 60 degrees. The same cutting conditions were used for all the tests and four cutting strategies were considered, as defined by the trajectory of the tool, upward and downward, in the horizontal and vertical directions. To characterize the machined surfaces, the roughness was measured and other different methods for the visualization of the surface texture were employed, such as, the optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was possible to observe, through the values of roughness and the topographic images of the machined areas, that the resulting textures clearly show the influence of the cutting strategy employ, distinctly characterized. The textures analyzed show a consistent and repetitive pattern, except the vertical upward strategy (VS) that resulted in an irregular and undefined texture, where the tool marks are unclear. For this condition the presence of plastically deformed material and acceded were observed in the machined surface, with presented the highest roughness value. The lowest roughness values were measured for the downward vertical strategy (VD).

Na usinagem de acabamento de superfícies complexas de forma livre, comumente empregada na fabricação de moldes e matrizes, o conhecimento das condições de corte e estratégias adequadas para o fresamento de material endurecido podem proporcionar a obtenção de superfícies de melhor qualidade e controle dimensional, além de uma redução significativa nos tempos e custos de fabricação. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a formação da textura no fresamento de materiais endurecidos, através da avaliação quantitativa e qualitativa, quanto a rugosidade, regularidade e formação da superfície. Para estudar este fenômeno foi empregada uma ferramenta de ponta esférica com inserto intercambiável. Os experimentos foram realizados utilizando-se corpos-de-prova de aço AISI H13 na dureza de 54 HRC, posicionados a uma inclinação de 60°, empregando-se condições de corte fixas e quatro diferentes estratégias de usinagem, com trajetórias de corte horizontal e vertical, ascendente ou descendente em relação ao plano inclinado. Para sua caracterização, as superfícies usinadas foram submetidas à medição de rugosidade e métodos distintos para a visualização e obtenção de imagens da textura, sendo eles: microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia de força atômica (AFM). Foi possível constatar através dos valores de rugosidade e imagens topográficas das superfícies usinadas que as texturas resultantes mostram nitidamente a influência da estratégia de corte empregada, caracterizando-se distintamente. As texturas analisadas revelam um padrão uniforme e repetitivo, com exceção à estratégia vertical ascendente (VS), que originou uma textura irregular e indefinida, onde as marcas de passagem da ferramenta não se apresentam nítidas. Para esta condição observou-se na superfície usinada a presença de material deformado e aderido, apresentando a maior rugosidade, sendo que as menores rugosidades foram medidos para a estratégia vertical descendente (VD). / In the final milling process of free form surfaces, commonly employed in the production of molds and dies, the knowledge of the cutting conditions and a strategy for choosing adequate processing routes in the milling of hardened materials can provide superior surface quality and dimensional control and a significant reduction in the manufacturing times and costs. The objective of this work is to understand the texture formation in the milling of hardened materials, through the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the surface roughness, as well as the formation and the regularity of the surfaces. The tool used in these experiments was an interchangeable insert tungsten carbide, ball nose end mill. AISI H13 steel with a final hardness of 54 HRC was used throughout the experimental work. The workpiece was fixed on a device with an inclination of 60 degrees. The same cutting conditions were used for all the tests and four cutting strategies were considered, as defined by the trajectory of the tool, upward and downward, in the horizontal and vertical directions. To characterize the machined surfaces, the roughness was measured and other different methods for the visualization of the surface texture were employed, such as, the optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was possible to observe, through the values of roughness and the topographic images of the machined areas, that the resulting textures clearly show the influence of the cutting strategy employ, distinctly characterized. The textures analyzed show a consistent and repetitive pattern, except the vertical upward strategy (VS) that resulted in an irregular and undefined texture, where the tool marks are unclear. For this condition the presence of plastically deformed material and acceded were observed in the machined surface, with presented the highest roughness value. The lowest roughness values were measured for the downward vertical strategy (VD).

Le rodage mécanique demeure encore le procédé industriel de référence pour la finition des cylindres de moteurs dans le cadre des productions de grande série. La voie actuelle de fabrication en rodage procède par frottement et abrasion à vitesse réduite pour imprimer une texture anisotrope et multi-échelle sur la surface du cylindre. La signature de cette texture a la particularité de satisfaire des exigences multifonctionnelles du cylindre (frottement, lubrification, usure, consommation d'huile, etc.). Elle est cependant générée par un rodage stratifié en production industrielle qui consiste en trois étapes successives avec effet d'échelle: ébauche (échelle macroscopique), finition (échelle mésoscopique) et superfinition (échelle microscopique). Plusieurs méthodes de rodage ont émergé cette dernière décennie et dont la différentiation technologique et économique se fait essentiellement par le choix des attributs texturaux et topographiques de surface de rodage. La présente étude analyse les processus de rodage industriel, du choix d'anisotropie possibles et paramètres texturaux dans une optique de fonctionnalisation de la surface rodée du cylindre. Une approche méthodologique sur la tribo-fonctionnalité multi-échelle de la surface de rodage du cylindre a été développée, puis validée par simulation numérique dans le cas du tribo-contact segment-cylindre. Elle s'appuie sur le triptyque suivant :- le couplage entre le processus de rodage et la fonctionnalité via la caractérisation de sa signature texturale multi-échelle,- l'exploitation de l'anisotropie contrôlée par simulation numérique qui conduit à la texture de fonction,- l'interaction surface – procédé de rodage qui devient indissociable, notamment dans la fabrication de la texture de fonction et sa qualification tribo-fonctionnelle par des essais tribométriques.Cette démarche méthodologique a été appliquée aux procédés de rodage industriel tel que le rodage plateau (PH), glissant (SH) et hélico-glissant (HSH). Cela a permis de démontrer qu'une texture anisotrope fine de type PH composée de plateaux et vallées de faible amplitude présente les meilleurs attributs fonctionnelles en frottement. Cependant, une texture anisotrope de type HSH avec un angle de striation de 130° est moins sensible en frottement à l'aspect plateau obtenu par écrêtage des pics de rugosité. Ce résultat ouvre une évolution potentielle du process HSH où la dernière étape de rodage peut être réduite voire supprimée. Par la suite, la démarche développée a été étendue aux textures innovantes à bas frottement de rodage en développement avec une anisotropie circulaire, ondulatoire, stratifiée mixte, ou assistée en trajectoire. Les résultats ont montré que des textures HSH optimisées en trajectoire (avec suppression de stries d'inversion au niveau des points mort haut (PMH) et point mort bas (PMB) du cylindre) ainsi que des textures stratifiées mixtes 45°-130°-45° (stries à 45° au PMB et PMH et 130° au milieu du cylindre) permettent une réduction significative du frottement segment-fût en régime de lubrification mixte en comparaison par rapport au texture de rodage HSH conventionnel. / Mechanical honing process is still the reference industrial process for high production engine liners. The current manufacturing way use reduced velocity friction and abrasion mechanisms to print a multiscale and anisotropic texture on the liner surface. The texture signature characteristics satisfy multifunctional requirements of the liner (friction, lubrication, wear, oil consumption etc.). It is generated by a stratified honing process for industrial production which consists of three stages with scale effect: rough (macroscopic scale), finish (mesoscopic scale) and super-finish honing (microscopic scale). Different honing methods emerged during last decade in which the technological and economic differentiation is essentially based on textural attributes of honed surfaces. The present study analyses the industrial honing processes, the possible surface anisotropy choices and texture parameters with a view to honed liner surface functionalisation. A methodological approach about multiscale honed surface tribofunctionality has been developed and then validated by numerical simulation in the case of ring-liner tribocontact. It builds on the following triptych:- the coupling between honing process and functionality through its multiscal textural signature,- the exploitation of the controlled anisotropy by numerical simulation which conducts to fonctionality,- the surface-process interaction which becomes indivisible, particularly in texture manufacturing and its tribofunctional qualification though tribometric trials.The methodology has been applied to industrial honing processes (plateau honing (PH), slide honing (SH) and helical slide honing (HSH)). The results show that smooth texture with lower plateau roughness and valley depth contributes to reduce frictional performances of honed surfaces. Nevertheless, Helical slide honed surfaces are less sensitive in friction to the plateaudness i.e., to superficial roughness comparatively to PH textures. This is promising for HSH process optimization, in which the third stage can be reduced or deleted. Then the developed approach has been extended to honing development for innovative texture anisotropy (circular, undulatory, mixed, trajectory assisted) for low-friction performances. The results show that assisted trajectory (without inversion grooves at top dead (TDC) and bottom dead centers (BDC)) and 45-130-45 mixed textures (with 45° cross-hatched grooves at TDC and BDC, 130° cross-hatched grooves at mid-height) enhance significantly frictional performances in comparison to HSH conventional process.

Ultrasonic Consolidation (UC) is a solid state additive manufacturing process which fabricates three-dimensional objects by ultrasonically joining metal foils together, layer-bylayer, to form a solid part. A wide range of materials can be used to fabricate parts by UC and products with complex internal geometry can be generated by shaping the crosssection throughout the build using Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) milling. As a result of its ability to embed various secondary materials and fibres in metal matrices, UC has emerged as a potential method of fabricating multi-functional materials and structures.

This master‘s thesis deals with using surface texture parameters for conformity assessment and process control. The aim of the thesis was to create an overview of surface texture parameters, an overview of procedures for conformity assessment and process control using surface texture parameters, practical application on an industrial product and practical recommendations. The thesis includes an overview of profile and areal surface texture parameters, including an original translation of terms of the areal method. Methods of conformity assessment and process control in connection with the surface texture parameters are also described. Statistical analysis was performed based on 7200 values of surface parameters and 1843200 values of profile parameters which were measured on parts from serial production. The last chapter includes practical recommendations.

This thesis focuses on a measuring and topography of a components´ surface evaluation and it contains the overview of basic methods which includes the description of contact and non-contact measuring devices. Furthermore, the thesis also describes ways of surface texture evaluation through profiled and areal method, including an outline of ČSN ISO parameters. The practical part of the thesis focuses on the evaluation of metric threads´ M10 surface, crafted by diverse cutting and forming threads. The surface was scanned with the optical device called Alicona IFM G5 and it was evaluated through the profiled and areal method. The 2D and 3D parameters were acquired and then compared during the measuring.

The main theme of this thesis is the surface topography evaluation. The theoretical part introduces the fundamental methods of evaluation, measuring instruments and describes profile and surface topographic parameters. In the practical part, the influence of different cutting conditions in high-feed face milling was researched on sample made of aluminium alloy 7475-T7351. For the surface topography evaluation of all samples the measuring device Alicona IF G5 was used. The last part of the diploma thesis is devoted to the economic influence of cutting conditions on the process of high-feed face milling.

This paper deals with the analysis of data obtained from the surface of aluminum alloy 7475-T7351 after face milling with a tool inclination of 1°. The theoretical part explains the basic principles of measuring the topography of the surface and instruments that are able to provide relevant data directly from the scanned part. The following part contains the methods of evaluating the information, especially using various types of parameters acquired from ČSN EN ISO standards. The practical part focuses on the data obtained from the sample surface using the Alicona IF-G5. This information determines the character of the surface texture with the tool inclination and the difference between the profile and surface parameters. There is also described surface texture in the tool path and on the edge of the tool path. In the final economic evaluation, the connection between the feed per tooth and the machining price is found.