Size-dependent material responses observed at fine length scales are receiving growing attention due to the need in the modeling of very small sized mechanical structures. The conventional continuum theories do not suffice for accurate descriptions of the exact material behaviors in the fine-scale regime due to the lack of inherent material lengths. A number of new theories/models have been propounded so far to interpret such novel phenomena. In this dissertation a few enriched-continuum theories - the adhesive contact mechanics, surface elasticity and strain gradient elasticity - are employed to study the mechanical behaviors of a semi-infinite solid induced by the boundary forces. A unified treatment of axisymmetric adhesive contact problems is developed using the harmonic functions. The generalized solution applies to the adhesive contact problems involving an axisymmetric rigid punch of arbitrary shape and an adhesive interaction force distribution of any profile, and it links existing solutions/models for axisymmetric non-adhesive and adhesive contact problems like the Hertz solution, Sneddon's solution, the JKR model, the DMT model and the M-D model. The generalized Boussinesq and Flamant problems are examined in the context of the surface elasticity of Gurtin and Murdoch (1975, 1978), which treats the surface as a negligibly thin membrane with material properties differing from those of the bulk. Analytical solution is derived based on integral transforms and use of potential functions. The newly derived solution applies to the problems of an elastic half-space (half-plane as well) subjected to prescribed surface tractions with consideration of surface effects. The newly derived results exhibit substantial deviations from the classical predictions near the loading points and converge to the classical ones at a distance far away from those points. The size-dependency of material responses is clearly demonstrated and material hardening effects are predicted. The half-space contact problems are also studied using the simplified strain gradient elasticity theory which incorporates material microstructural effects. The solution is obtained by taking advantage of the displacement functions of Mindlin (1964) and integral transforms. Significant discrepancy between the current and the classical solutions is seen to exist in the immediate vicinity of the loading area. The discontinuity and singularity exist in classical solution are removed, and the stress and displacement components change smoothly through the solid body.

Source d'émerveillement et d'inspiration poétique, la beauté éphémère des films de savon recèle des questions scientifiques fondamentales, qui ont de nombreuses répercussions pour des applications allant de la formulation des shampoings à la récupération du pétrole. L'objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre comment la vie d'un film de savon, depuis sa génération jusqu'à sa rupture, dépend des propriétés physico-chimiques des tensioactifs qui le stabilisent.Dans une première partie, je m'intéresse à la génération de films savonneux verticaux, que je modélise à l'aide d'un modèle stationnaire supposant des tensioactifs insolubles. Je montre que l'épaisseur de tels films est gouvernée à la fois par la vitesse de génération et l'élasticité de surface du film. Le modèle décrit avec succès les données expérimentales pour des tensioactifs solubles, au moins dans le cas où l'adsorption est lente. Je présente également un dispositif expérimental original permettant de générer des films stabilisés par des tensioactifs insolubles, qui constituent un système modèle prometteur.Dans un second temps, j'étudie l'évolution temporelle – i.e. le drainage et la rupture – de films liquides minces en génération continue, en commençant par le cas simplifié des liquides purs. A l'aide d'une simulation non-stationnaire, je parviens à prédire le temps de vie de films d'huile silicone fonction de la vitesse de génération, qui se montre en accord quantitatif avec les expériences. Je caractérise ensuite expérimentalement le drainage des films savonneux en fonction de différents paramètres – position dans le film, vitesse de génération et humidité ambiante – et montre l'influence de la concentration en tensioactif dTAB et de l'humidité sur le temps de vie du film. Pour terminer, j'explore l'influence de la concentration en tensioactifs sur le drainage et la rupture de bulles hémisphériques flottant à la surface d'un bain savonneux, un système se rapprochant des mousses réelles. / The ephemeral beauty of soap films is not only a source of wonder and poetic inspiration, but also conceals fundamental scientific questions, which are at the heart of various applications, ranging from shampoo formulation to oil recovery. This work aims at understanding how the life of a soap film, from its generation until its rupture, is affected by the physical-chemical properties of the surfactants used to stabilise it.First, I present a stationary model describing the generation of vertical soap films, under the assumption of insoluble surfactants. I show that the film thickness is controlled by both the generation velocity and the film surface elasticity. The model successfully describes experimental data for soluble surfactants, at least when adsorption is slow. I also introduce an original experimental set up for the generation of liquid films stabilised by insoluble surfactants, which are certainly a promising model system. Secondly, I study the time evolution – i.e. the drainage and rupture – of thin films pulled from a liquid bath, starting with the simplified case of pure liquids. Implementing a non-stationary simulation, I am able to predict the lifetime of silicone oil thin films as a function of the generation velocity, which I find in quantitative agreement with experimental data. I then carry out systematic experiments to characterise the drainage of soap films for various generation velocities, environmental humidities and positions in the film. I also demonstrate the influence of dTAB concentration and humidity on film lifetime. Finally, I investigate how surfactant concentration affects the drainage and break-up dynamics of hemispherical soap bubbles at the surface of a liquid pool, which is a system somewhat closer to real foams.