Development of the swine and cattle industries has led to an increase of manure application to agricultural lands in Saskatchewan. Studies have been conducted to determine the nutrient benefits of swine manure application. However, a need was also identified for information on the effects of manure application on soil physical and chemical properties. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of repeated applications of manure on soil physical and chemical properties and to relate those effects to early plant growth and development.<p>Four experimental sites were used, representing the Dark Brown (Plenty), Brown (Riverhurst irrigated), Black (Dixon) and Gray (Melfort) Soil Zones of Saskatchewan, where liquid swine manure had been applied for four to seven years. At each site, treatments were 1) a control treatment, 2) a nitrogen based agronomic rate of manure application, 3) a high rate of manure application (2-4x the agronomic rate) and 4) a urea fertilizer treatment. At the Dixon site, the same two manure treatments with cattle manure were also examined.<p>Soil strength, as determined by penetration resistance measurements and barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>) emergence were measured at two experimental sites (swine and cattle manure trials at Dixon, SK) in a field study. Penetration resistance was measured at 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm depths, 20, 39 and 123 days after seeding using a recording cone penetrograph. Twenty days after seeding, there were no significant differences among treatments at the 10, 15 and 20 cm depths. But, at the 5 cm depth, the control treatment had soil strength 0.11 MPa lower than the two manure rates. The manure treatments were not significantly different from the urea treatment. Thirty-nine days after seeding, the soil strength of the low rate manure treatment was 1.1 MPa greater than the control at the 10 cm depth, but not significantly different from the urea treatment. One hundred and twenty three days after seeding, the control treatment had greater soil strength than the high rate of manure at 5 and 10 cm depths by 0.28 and 0.71 MPa respectively. At the 20 cm depth, the high rate of manure had the greatest soil strength. Barley emergence on the two manured treatments did not differ significantly from the control. Aggregate size was measured in field samples collected from all sites. Aggregate size for the manured treatments did not differ from the control at any site.<p>Soil crust strength, flax emergence, infiltration rate, salinity, sodicity, coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) and modulus of rupture were measured under controlled conditions in intact cores of soil removed from all five experimental sites. All soils were treated with a simulated rainfall from a Guelph Rainfall Simulator II. Following the simulated rainfall, crust strength was measured with a hand-held penetrometer. Soil crust strength was measured daily for 10 days as the cores dried. Repeated applications of liquid swine manure at either low or high rates decreased soil strength in the Plenty, Riverhurst and Melfort soils, and increased soil strength in the Dixon soil. Repeated applications of liquid swine manure at low rates caused flax emergence to decrease for the Riverhurst soil compared to its control and had no significant effect at the other sites. There were no notable differences in infiltration rates among treatments. Repeated applications of liquid swine manure caused salinity (EC) to increase slightly for the Plenty and Riverhurst soils, and sodicity (ESP) to increase slightly for the Melfort and Dixon soils relative to their control. The COLE and modulus of rupture measurements indicated no significant effects and were inconclusive due to difficulties in measurement. <p>None of the properties measured in any of the treatments exceeded threshold values for soil productivity, or where plant injury might be considered an issue. It is concluded that repeated (four to seven) annual applications of liquid swine or cattle manure would not cause any large alterations in soil strength, aggregation, infiltration, salinity, or sodicity that would affect early plant growth and development. This was supported by field and lab measurements of emergence that showed limited effect.

published_or_final_version / Botany / Master / Master of Philosophy

Phosphorus (P) pollution has been identified as the most significant agriculture-related threat to water quality impairment in Canada. One approach to reduce P pollution is to identify soils with high P loss potential and develop management strategies to minimize that risk. This thesis contributes towards greater understanding of short- and long- term P dynamics in soils to which different P sources had been applied (Chapters 3 and 4) and improvement in the P measurements for determining long-term P loss potential (Chapter 5). Chapter 3 evaluated immediate and residual effects of swine manure and fertilizer on soil P. Soils were sampled from Brookston clay loam in south-western Ontario, Canada which were treated with liquid (LM), solid (SM), composted (MC) manure and fertilizer, only in the corn phase. Soils were analyzed using a modified Hedley’s fractionation. All P sources influenced soil labile and moderately labile P in the year of application, while MC and SM showed significant residual impacts in the following year. Residual effects of MC and SM are beneficial for crops; however, there may be a P loss potential through leaching and runoff. Chapter 4 considered long-term effects of dairy manure slurry (DMS) and ammonium nitrate (AN) on soil P. Soils were sampled from south coastal region of BC, Canada, which were treated with DMS or AN at 50 or 100 kg NH4-N ha-1, and analyzed using a modified Hedley’s fractionation. DMS significantly increased labile and moderately stable P in surface soil, indicating short- and long-term impacts on P availability and loss potential. Chapter 5 analyzed a new test to predict long-term soil P loss potential. Soils were collected from four agro-ecological areas across Canada, and analyzed using Mehlich-3, Olsen, Resin strips (RMS), FeO-strips, and new procedures: various combinations of NaOH with and without EDTA, with four shaking periods. Statistically significant linear and quadratic relationships between the RMS and NaOH with EDTA-P indicated that the latter provide an efficient basis for predicting long-term soil P loss potential. A highly significant relationship between RMS-P and 0.025M NaOH with EDTA-P indicates this extractant was effective for measuring Total Releasable P. / Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

A project was developed to determine the feasibility of using liquid hog manure as a nutrient source (Nitrogen) for the potato crop. A survey of liquid hog manure storage facilities on Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.) provided a sampling technique and the range of nutrients found on hog farms. It was concluded from the data that there were large differences between farms and on farm manure sampling was required to determine accurate nutrient applications. An infrastructure was designed, constructed and tested for storage, handling and the application of liquid hog manure at the Harrington Research Farm, Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Charlottetown, P.E.I. Data from the first of two three year experiments determined that the placement of liquid hog manure under the sown potato row and beside the row (0.23 m) provided yields better than manure placed between the sown rows. These yields were not different for the extra Nitrogen fertilizer treatment. The second field experiment examined the placement of liquid hog manure by various injector designs between the rows after the potato crop was planted. Potato tuber yield data over the three years indicated no differences among injector design nor between the injector treatments and the treatment which received the extra Nitrogen fertilizer. Over both experiments there was a decline in the severity of Rhizoctonia ( Rhizoctonia solani) in one year for plots receiving manure compared to those which received only inorganic fertilizer. There were no differences in the incidence or severity of scab (Streptomyces scabies) over the study. In general liquid manure can be used as nutrient source for the potato crop on P.E.I.

Steroidal estrogens and antibiotics used in veterinary and human medicine are detected in livestock manure or sewage sludge and biosolids. Biodegradation is an important process by which estrogenic compounds are removed from organic amendments, but antibiotics have been shown to impede microbial communities. Although both compounds are often present in these media, the fate of estrogens in association with antibiotics has not been previously studied. In this study, both rates of tetracycline (40 and 200 mg kg-1) in liquid swine manure induced a lag phase of 40 to 50 days prior to the onset of a log phase of estrone and 17 β-estradiol mineralization, and tetracycline at 200 mg kg-1 significantly reduced maximum mineralization of estrone and 17 β-estradiol in manure. In soils amended with a high rate of manure, penicillin at 200 mg kg1 also significantly decreased maximum mineralization of estrone and 17 β-estradiol relative to soils free of antibiotics. Estrogen mineralization almost always significantly decreased in the order of: manure > soil amended with a low rate of manure = soil > soil amended with a high rate of manure. In order to examine the relationship between physical and chemical parameters of media and estrogen mineralization, sewage sludge and biosolid samples with vastly different characteristics were selected for a study of 17 β-estradiol and 17 α-ethinylestradiol mineralization in the presence of ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic commonly used to treat urinary and intestinal infections in humans. Ciprofloxacin was persistent in all media, as less than 0.05% mineralization was observed over 133 d. Despite this persistence, no significant effect of ciprofloxacin addition on 17 β-estradiol or 17 α-ethinylestradiol mineralization was observed at 133 days. Consistent with its chemical structure, maximum mineralization of 17 α-ethinylestradiol was always less than that of 17 β-estradiol, indicating resistance to microbial degradation. PCA analysis indicated that total nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen and total carbon demonstrated a positive association with respiration and maximum mineralization of 17 β-estradiol, but a negative association with 17 α-ethinylestradiol maximum mineralization. Sorption of 17 α-ethinylestradiol was greater than 17 β-estradiol in all media, limiting maximum mineralization of 17 α-ethinylestradiol.

No description available.

Resumo: A suinocultura atingiu índices elevados de produtividade por meio do emprego de avançadas tecnologias de produção, resultando em maior geração de dejeto líquido suíno (DLS) com grande potencial de contaminação de águas mananciais. O resíduo de hortifruti (RH) é produzido em grandes quantidades nos mercados atacadistas, sendo caracterizado pelo elevado teor de umidade e de compostos orgânicos voláteis, o que causa efeitos negativos nos sistemas tradicionais de destinação dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. A codigestão de dejetos suínos e resíduos orgânicos vem sendo amplamente estudada, com melhorias na degradação dos substratos em digestão e, consequentemente, dos rendimentos de biogás. Assim, neste trabalho, avaliou-se o desempenho da codigestão de dejetos de suínos e crescentes níveis de resíduos de hortifrúti, utilizando-se um delineamento fatorial de experimentos 2³ (3 fatores, 2 níveis) seguido de modelagem matemática para descrever o volume de metano acumulado durante o bioprocesso. Para a realização dos ensaios, foram preparadas misturas de substratos compostas por dejeto líquido suíno e resíduo de hortifruti nas relações 4:1, 2,5:1 e 1:1, as quais foram inoculadas e digeridas em frascos batelada por tempos de retenção hidráulica de 20 a 30 dias e temperaturas de 35 a 45°C. Os maiores rendimentos foram de 455,47 e 442,37 NmL CH4/g SVT e ocorreram nos ensaios com relação DLS:RH de 2,5:1 e 1:1, respectivamente. A relação DLS:RH foi significante para o acúmulo de metano durant... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Swine production reached high levels of productivity through the use of technology, resulting in higher generation of swine manure (SM) with great potential for ground water contamination. Fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) are produced in large quantities in wholesale markets, characterized by high moisture content and volatile organic compounds, causing negative effects in the traditional systems of municipal solid waste disposal. The codigestion of swine manure and organic wastes has been widely explored, with improvements in the degradation of the substrates in digestion and, consequently, of the biogas yields. Thus, in this work, the performance of the codigestion of SM and increasing levels of FVW were evaluated using a factorial design of experiments 2³ (3 factors; 2 levels) followed by mathematical modelling to describe the volume of methane accumulated during the bioprocess. In order to carry out the assays, mixtures of substrates composed of SM and FVW were prepared in the ratios 4:1, 2,5:1 e 1:1, which were inoculated and digested in batches with hydraulic retention times of 20 to 30 days and temperatures of 35 to 45 °C. The maximum yields were 455.47 and 442.37 NmL CH4 / g VS and occurred in assays with 2.5:1 and 1:1 SM:FVW ratios, respectively. The SM:FVW ratio was significant for the accumulation of methane during the process, while the hydraulic retention time was not significant at a 95% confidence level. The temperature was marginally significant, with a higher ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-28T14:27:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DAMIÃO JUNIOR GOMES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2014..pdf: 1021631 bytes, checksum: 9d3b509edbbf52efa1db00de496731a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-28T14:27:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DAMIÃO JUNIOR GOMES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2014..pdf: 1021631 bytes, checksum: 9d3b509edbbf52efa1db00de496731a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-19 / Este estudo analisa o comportamento físico químico e microbiológico, referente à mistura de resíduos suínos com e sem adição de meios de cultura descartados, durante o processo de biodigestão anaeróbia, em biorreator tipo batelada. Montaram-se dois biorreatores, para fim de comparação, com capacidade de 50L cada. Os biorreatores foram ativados com a mesma diluição, razão de 1:2 (mistura biomassa/água, em m/m), no entanto, em um deles foi acrescidos 10% (m/m) de meios de culturas usados oriundos de um laboratório microbiológico. O monitoramento destes procedera por 56 dias, sendo coletadas alíquotas dos substratos nos tempos 0, 7, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 e 56 dias, e submetidos à caracterização físico-química e microbiológica, bem como, verificou-se a influência dos meios de cultura na produção de biogás. Durante o desenvolvimento não se realizou nenhuma suplementação nos biodigestores. Os dados experimentais apontaram que durante o processo da biodegradação anaeróbia dos substratos, o biorreator A (com presença de meios de cultura) desempenhou melhores resultados, em relação ao biorreator B (com ausência de meios de cultura). Como por exemplo, pH’s próximos da alcalinidade, propiciando o desenvolvimento das bactérias metanogênicas, e consequentemente, maior liberação de gases. No que concerne aos valores de concentração de coliformes totais (35 ºC), termotolerantes (45 ºC) e E. coli entre os afluentes e efluentes dos biorreatores, estes foram reduzidos, principalmente no biodigestor A, em que apresentou maior concentração de macronutrientes (NPK). Por fim, pode ser inferido que os resultados foram bastante relevantes, fazendo entender que a introdução de meios de cultura potencializa as reações de biodigestão anaeróbia, favorecendo maior produção de biogás, além de incorporar ao efluente (biofertilizante) maior concentração de nutrientes. / This study analyzes the chemical and physical behavior microbiological, regarding the mixture of swine residues with and without addition of discarded culture means, during the process of anaerobic digestion, in bioreactor boat-load type. Two bioreactors were set up, for comparison end, with capacity of 50L each. The bioreactors were activated with the same dilution, reason of 1 : 2 (it mixes biomass / water, in m/m), however , in one of them was added 10 % (m/m) of means of cultures used originating from of the microbiological laboratory . The monitoring of these it had proceeded for 56 days , being collected brackets of the substrata in the times 0, 7, 21, 28 , 35, 42, 49 and 56 days, and submitted to the physiochemical characterization and microbiological, as well as, the influence of the culture means was verified in the biogas production. During the development it did not take place any supplementation in the digesters. The trial date appeared that during the process of the anaerobic biodegradation of the substrates, the bioreactor (with presence of culture means) it carried October better results, in relation to the bioreactor B (with absence of culture means). For example, close pH 's of the alkalinity , propitiating the development of the methanogenic bacteria , and consequently , larger liberation of gases. In what it concerns to the values of concentration of the total coliforms (35 ° C), thermophilic (45 ° C) and E. coli between the tributaries and effluents of the bioreactors, these were reduced, mainly in the digester, in that It presented larger macronutrient concentration (NPK ). Finally, it can be inferred which the results were quite relevant, making that to understand the introduction of culture means potentiates the reactions of anaerobic digestion , favoring larger biogas production, fouled Incorporating to the effluent (biofertilizer) larger concentration of nutritious.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:25:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fabio.pdf: 669831 bytes, checksum: 4234cdb41111aee1569cd3f350a5f7ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 / The application rates of swine wastewater used in crop production should be enough to meet the demand for plant nutrients. Thus, it is justified the need to research its use and management as a fertilizer for applications to be made according to technical recommendations. Taking into account its features, soil characteristics and crop were taken into account. In this context, the aim of this study was to monitor wastewater influence as topdressing to maize (Zea mays L.) and black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb.) crops in sequence. Five rates of wastewater application (0; 100; 200; 300 e 537 m3ha-1 equivalents to 0; 11,2; 22,3; 33,5 and 60 kg ha-1 of N respectively, based on an average concentration of N on swine wastewater) were tested in four replications each. In maize and black oats were performed foliar and plant tissue analysis. In the soil porosity, bulk density, soil water content, pH, carbon, CEC (Cation Exchangeable Capacity), alkaline saturation, potential acidity and nutrients were determined at the final maize and black oats cycles. The topdressing on maize crop sowing crop increased foliar content of P, N e Mn, decreased the foliar content of K and Mg. In black oats crop the residual effects provided 87% dry mass increase, chlorophyll content, foliar contents of N, Ca and Na, and decreased the relation between leaf/stem and contents of P, K, Mg and Cu. The crops under swine wastewater treatment did not show nutrients deficiency. There was a decrease on the macropores and total soil porosity when the application rate of swine wastewater increased on maize crop. The roots development of black oats contributed to improve the soil physical quality and decreased the compaction on 0 to 15 cm, upper layer. There were an increases of K+, Cu and Zn contents, potential acidity and cation exchange capacity and decreases of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe contents, base saturation and soil pH. In this experiment, rates up to 200 m3ha-1 (except control) showed available results of nutrients; which did not cause deficiency on soil aeration, important to crops. Thus, it can be used as maize topdressing. / As taxas de aplicação de águas residuárias de suinocultura (ARS) utilizadas na produção agrícola devem ser suficientes para suprir a demanda das plantas por nutrientes. Justifica-se, então, a necessidade de pesquisas sobre uso e manejo da água residuária de suinocultura como fertilizante, para que aplicações sejam feitas de acordo com recomendações técnicas, levando-se em conta sua composição, as características do solo e da cultura. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi monitorar a influência do uso da água residuária de suinocultura, aplicada como adubação de cobertura na cultura do milho com cultivo sequencial de aveia preta. Cinco taxas de aplicação de água residuária (0; 100; 200; 300 e 537 m3ha-1, equivalentes a 0; 11,2; 22,3; 33,5 e 60 kg ha-1 de N respectivamente, baseado na concentração média de N na ARS) foram testadas, com quatro repetições cada. No milho e na aveia preta foram feitas análises foliares e do tecido vegetal. No solo foram determinados: porosidade do solo, densidade, teor de água, pH, carbono, CTC, saturação por bases, acidez potencial e nutrientes, antes da semeadura do milho e ao final dos ciclos do milho e aveia preta. A adubação de cobertura na cultura do milho elevou os teores foliares de P, N e Mn e diminuiu os teores foliares de K e Mg. Na cultura da aveia preta, o efeito residual proporcionou aumento de 87% na massa seca, teor de clorofila, teores foliares de N, Ca e Na, e diminuiu a relação folha/colmo e teores de P, K, Mg, Cu. As culturas sob tratamentos com ARS não apresentaram deficiência de nutrientes. Houve redução da macroporosidade e porosidade total do solo, quanto maior foi a taxa de aplicação de ARS na cultura do milho. A introdução da aveia preta contribuiu para melhorar a qualidade física do solo e reduziu a compactação na camada superficial de 0-15 cm. Houve aumento dos teores de K+, Cu e Zn, acidez potencial e capacidade de troca de cátions e reduziu teores de Ca2+, Mg2+ e Fe, saturação por bases e pH do solo. Neste experimento, taxas com até 200 m3ha-1 (exceto testemunha) apresentaram resultados de suficiência de nutrientes e não provocaram deficiência na aeração do solo, o que foi benéfico para as culturas, podendo ser utilizadas como adubação de cobertura em milho.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fabio.pdf: 669831 bytes, checksum: 4234cdb41111aee1569cd3f350a5f7ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 / The application rates of swine wastewater used in crop production should be enough to meet the demand for plant nutrients. Thus, it is justified the need to research its use and management as a fertilizer for applications to be made according to technical recommendations. Taking into account its features, soil characteristics and crop were taken into account. In this context, the aim of this study was to monitor wastewater influence as topdressing to maize (Zea mays L.) and black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb.) crops in sequence. Five rates of wastewater application (0; 100; 200; 300 e 537 m3ha-1 equivalents to 0; 11,2; 22,3; 33,5 and 60 kg ha-1 of N respectively, based on an average concentration of N on swine wastewater) were tested in four replications each. In maize and black oats were performed foliar and plant tissue analysis. In the soil porosity, bulk density, soil water content, pH, carbon, CEC (Cation Exchangeable Capacity), alkaline saturation, potential acidity and nutrients were determined at the final maize and black oats cycles. The topdressing on maize crop sowing crop increased foliar content of P, N e Mn, decreased the foliar content of K and Mg. In black oats crop the residual effects provided 87% dry mass increase, chlorophyll content, foliar contents of N, Ca and Na, and decreased the relation between leaf/stem and contents of P, K, Mg and Cu. The crops under swine wastewater treatment did not show nutrients deficiency. There was a decrease on the macropores and total soil porosity when the application rate of swine wastewater increased on maize crop. The roots development of black oats contributed to improve the soil physical quality and decreased the compaction on 0 to 15 cm, upper layer. There were an increases of K+, Cu and Zn contents, potential acidity and cation exchange capacity and decreases of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe contents, base saturation and soil pH. In this experiment, rates up to 200 m3ha-1 (except control) showed available results of nutrients; which did not cause deficiency on soil aeration, important to crops. Thus, it can be used as maize topdressing. / As taxas de aplicação de águas residuárias de suinocultura (ARS) utilizadas na produção agrícola devem ser suficientes para suprir a demanda das plantas por nutrientes. Justifica-se, então, a necessidade de pesquisas sobre uso e manejo da água residuária de suinocultura como fertilizante, para que aplicações sejam feitas de acordo com recomendações técnicas, levando-se em conta sua composição, as características do solo e da cultura. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi monitorar a influência do uso da água residuária de suinocultura, aplicada como adubação de cobertura na cultura do milho com cultivo sequencial de aveia preta. Cinco taxas de aplicação de água residuária (0; 100; 200; 300 e 537 m3ha-1, equivalentes a 0; 11,2; 22,3; 33,5 e 60 kg ha-1 de N respectivamente, baseado na concentração média de N na ARS) foram testadas, com quatro repetições cada. No milho e na aveia preta foram feitas análises foliares e do tecido vegetal. No solo foram determinados: porosidade do solo, densidade, teor de água, pH, carbono, CTC, saturação por bases, acidez potencial e nutrientes, antes da semeadura do milho e ao final dos ciclos do milho e aveia preta. A adubação de cobertura na cultura do milho elevou os teores foliares de P, N e Mn e diminuiu os teores foliares de K e Mg. Na cultura da aveia preta, o efeito residual proporcionou aumento de 87% na massa seca, teor de clorofila, teores foliares de N, Ca e Na, e diminuiu a relação folha/colmo e teores de P, K, Mg, Cu. As culturas sob tratamentos com ARS não apresentaram deficiência de nutrientes. Houve redução da macroporosidade e porosidade total do solo, quanto maior foi a taxa de aplicação de ARS na cultura do milho. A introdução da aveia preta contribuiu para melhorar a qualidade física do solo e reduziu a compactação na camada superficial de 0-15 cm. Houve aumento dos teores de K+, Cu e Zn, acidez potencial e capacidade de troca de cátions e reduziu teores de Ca2+, Mg2+ e Fe, saturação por bases e pH do solo. Neste experimento, taxas com até 200 m3ha-1 (exceto testemunha) apresentaram resultados de suficiência de nutrientes e não provocaram deficiência na aeração do solo, o que foi benéfico para as culturas, podendo ser utilizadas como adubação de cobertura em milho.