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Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Computer Science, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 199-200).

Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis describes the study of two soft-switching inverter topologies that are well suited to high-power applications. For the first topology, namely an active resonant turn-off snubber, the existing theory is expanded with a detailed study into operation strategies and topology protection. This is followed by an investigation into the second topology, which is a combined snubber that reduces both turn-off and turn-on losses. The investigation involves a detailed analysis of the losses in the snubber components and main devices, as well as a study into the effects of parasitic components and diode reverse recovery on the operation of the snubber. Based on this theory a snubber optimisation procedure is also developed. Possible operation strategies and protection techniques were also evaluated for this topology. Single-phase experimental inverters were used to verify the basic operation theory and switching loss prediction for both topologies. The thesis is concluded by the design and construction of a practical soft-switching threephase inverter. After implementation the experimental inverter is used for theory verification. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif beskryf die ondersoek na twee saggeskakelde omsetter topologieë wat veral geskik is vir hoë-drywing toepassings. Die bestaande teorie aangaande die eerste topologie, naamlik 'n aktiewe, resonante, afskakel gapser, word uitgebrei met 'n deeglike-studie oor bedryfstegnieke en beskermingsmetodes. Vervolgens word 'n gekombineerde gapser topologie, wat beide aanskakel- en afskakelverliese verminder, ondersoek. Die studie behels 'n volledige analise van die verliese in die omsetter en gapser komponente en die invloed van parasitêre komponente en diode tru-herstel. Hierdie teorie word ook gebruik om 'n optimale gapser ontwerp prosedure te ontwikkel. Die moontlikke bedryfstegnieke en beskermingsmetodes word ook vir hierdie topologie evalueer. In albei gevalle is eksperimentele, enkelfase omsetters gebruik om die teorie oor basiese werking en skakelverlies vermindering te verifieer. Die ondersoek word afgesluit deur die ontwerp en konstruksie van 'n praktiese, saggeskakelde, drie-fase omsetter te beskryf. Na implimentering van die omsetter word volledige eksperimentele verifikasie uitgevoer.

M.Ing. / This study focuses its attention on conducted common mode EMI. Common mode current is the current that flows from an electrical circuit to a zero reference plane and back to the circuit again. It is known that the manner in which the common mode current flows is through stray capacitances that form between the electrical circuit and the zero reference. This study was aimed at developing a method to measure the value of the stray capacitance of a switching circuit. Determining the value of the stray capacitance by taking physical measurements on a circuit board is a challenge for a number of reasons, one of which is that great care should be taken not to add to the stray capacitance by means of the measuring equipment. By measuring the value of the stray capacitance, it will be possible to model the occurrence of Common Mode EMI better and more accurately. This could, in turn, lead to a reduction in EMI. Any body of an arbitrary shape, size and material exhibits a self-capacitance with respect to a zero reference frame. This principle, together with the principle of conservation of charge, also applies to electrical components, or circuits as a whole. The experimental work was performed on a buck DC-DC converter. The circuit was simplified to aid in analysis. By varying the value of an external capacitance and taking basic measurements, it is then possible to uniquely determine the absolute values of the self-capacitances. For every pair of external capacitance values placed in the circuit (of which one can be =0pF), a value for stray capacitance is calculated. Many data points were recorded with many different external capacitors in the circuit, resulting in a variety of stray capacitance values. In order to obtain a single value, a weighted mean of all the values was calculated. The values obtained in this proposed method of measuring the stray capacitance compares well with that obtained using the Finite Element Method. The advantage of the method presented here is that the self-capacitances are determined under the actual operational conditions, no specialised equipment is required and no unique handling of parasitics is needed. The method relies on very simple measurements and no complex data manipulations are required.

PV Inverters have the task of tracking the maximum power point (MPP), and regulating the solar energy generation to this optimal operation point. The second task is the conversion of direct current produced by the solar modules into alternating current compatible with the grid. A new inverter approach such as a single phase micro inverter is emerging aimed to overcome some of the challenges of centralized inverters. As a counterpart to the central inverter, a micro inverter is a small compact module attached directly to each solar panel. To provide for the constantly increasing demand for a small size, light weight and high efficiency micro inverter, soft switching power conversion technologies have been employed. The switching stress can be minimized by turning on/off each switch when the voltage across it or the current through it is zero at the switching transition. With the addition of auxiliary circuits such as auxiliary switches and LC resonant components the so called soft switching condition can be achieved for semiconductor devices. Four main purposes to investigate the soft switching technologies for singlephase micro-inverter are: (1) to improve overall efficiency by creating the favorable operating conditions for power devices using soft-switching techniques; iv (2) to shrink the reactive components by pushing the switching frequency to a higher range with decent efficiency. (3) to ensure soft switching does not exacerbate inverter performance, meaning all conventional PWM algorithms can be applied in order to meet IEEE standards. (4) to investigate which soft switching techniques offer the cheapest topology and control strategy as cost and simple control are crucial for low power inverter applications. An overview on the existing soft-switching inverter topologies for single phase inverter technology is summarized. A new quasi resonant DC link that allows for pulse- width- modulation (PWM) is presented in this thesis. The proposed quasi resonant DC link provides zero-voltage switching (ZVS) condition for the main devices by resonating the DC-link voltage to zero via three auxiliary switches and LC components. The operating principle and mode analysis are given. The simulation was carried out to verify the proposed soft switching technique. A 150W 120VAC single-phase prototype was built. The experimental results show that the soft switching for four main switches can be realized under different load conditions and the peak efficiency can reach 95.6%. The proposed quasi DC link can be applied to both single-phase and three-phase DC/AC micro inverter. In order to boost efficiency and increase power density it is important to evaluate the power loss mechanism in each stage of operation of the micro inverter. Using the datasheet parameters of the commercially available semiconductor switches, conduction and switching losses were estimated. This thesis presents a method to analyze power losses of the new resonant DC link inverter which alleviates topology v optimization and MOSFET selection. An analytical, yet simple model for calculating the conduction and switching losses was developed. With this model a rough calculation of efficiency can be done, which helps to speed up the design process and to increase efficiency.

A generalized, discrete-time modeling and simulation program, applicable to any PWM, resonant or quasi-resonant converter, has been developed. From a circuit description, this program automatically generates state-space equations corresponding to each switching interval and performs time-domain simulations by using state-transition equations with a fast-convergence algorithm for topological changes. / M.S.

Comprehensive analysis, modeling, and design techniques are developed for distributed power systems. Dynamic interactions caused by paralleling, stacking, and cascading converter modules are analyzed. Incorporating the effects of all subsystem interactions, systematic design procedures are established in order to optimize the dynamic performance of large-scale distributed power systems. An advanced three-loop control scheme is developed to optimize the dynamics of multimodule converters. A design-oriented model reduction technique is employed to design power supplies utilizing a stacked configuration of multi-module converters. An unterminated modeling and design approach is proposed to optimize the dynamics of cascaded converter stages, while ensuring the stability and compatibility of the integrated system. Systematic design procedures for intermediate filters are developed. / Ph. D.

In low power, battery-operated, portable applications, like cell phones, PDAs, digital cameras, etc., miniaturization at a low cost is a prominent driving factor behind product development and marketing efforts. As such, power supplies in portable applications must not only conform and adapt to their highly integrated on-chip and in-package environments but also, more intrinsically, respond quickly to fast load dumps to achieve and maintain high accuracy. The frequency-compensation network, however, limits speed and regulation performance because, in catering to all combinations of the output capacitor, its equivalent series resistance Resr, and the power inductor resulting from tolerance and modal design targets, it must compensate the worst-case condition and therefore restrain the performance of all other possible scenarios. Sigma-delta control, which addresses this issue in buck converters by easing its compensation requirements and offering one-cycle transient response, has not been able to simultaneously achieve high bandwidth, high accuracy, and wide LC-Resr compliance in boost (step-up) converters. This thesis investigates and presents techniques to achieve sigma-delta control in boost converters by essentially using explicit current and voltage control loops. The proposed techniques are developed conceptually and analytical expressions for stability range and transient response are derived. The proposed concepts are validated and quantified through PCB and IC prototypes to yield 1.41 to 6 times faster transient response than the state of the art in current-mode boost supplies, and this without any compromise in LC-Resr compliance range.

Capes / Este trabalho apresenta as análises qualitativa e quantitativa que descrevem o princípio de operação de duas topologias de conversores CC-CC integrados boost-flyback com interleaving generalizado em malha aberta. A primeira topologia corresponde à solução convencional, sendo que uma análise matemática generalizada para qualquer quantidade de células de interleaving é desenvolvida. A segunda topologia é proposta com o intuito de garantir comutação suave em todos os interruptores do circuito. Possibilitando assim, a redução das perdas por comutação do conversor e tornando viável a sua operação com maiores valores de frequência de comutação. Novamente, uma análise matemática generalizada é desenvolvida fornecendo uma descrição genérica da operação do conversor com uma quantidade qualquer de células de interleaving. Os principais resultados das análises são inicialmente validados com simulações computacionais. Para a verificação experimental, foi construído um protótipo de 500 W, 48 V de tensão de entrada, 400 V de tensão de saída operando com frequência de comutação de 100 kHz. Potenciais aplicações da proposta são sistemas de conversão de energia que requerem elevado ganho de tensão com elevado rendimento, tais como sistemas fotovoltaicos, célula a combustível e pequenos aerogeradores. / This work presents the qualitative and quantitative analyses describing the open loop operation principle of two integrated boost-flyback dc-dc converters with generalized interleaving. The first topology corresponds to the conventional solution, and a generalized mathematical analysis valid for any number of channels is carried out. A second topology is proposed to guarantee soft switching for all the circuit’s switches. Thus allowing the reduction of the switching losses and making viable its operation with higher values of switching frequency. Again, a generalized mathematical analysis is performed, thus providing a generic description of the converter’s operation for any number of interleaving channels. The main analyses results are initially validated by means of computer-aided simulations. For experimental validation purpose, a 500 W, 48 V input voltage, 400 V output voltage operating at switching frequency of 100 kHz was built. Potential application of the proposal are energy conversion systems requiring high voltage gain and high efficiency, such as photovoltaic, fuel-cell and small-scale wind energy systems.

Esta dissertação propõe a análise de dois conversores de estágio único, isolados em alta frequência e adequados para aplicações de conexão à rede elétrica. Inicialmente, é introduzida uma nova estratégia de modulação para o conversor flyback bidirecional com conexão diferencial. Esta modulação melhorada proporciona melhor desempenho, reduzindo os valores de corrente RMS para cada componente do circuito, contribuindo assim para a redução das perdas por condução. As análises estáticas do conversor operando em ambas estratégias de modulação alternativa e original são apresentadas. A análise dinâmica também é realizada, fornecendo a função de transferência da corrente de saída pela razão cíclica do conversor ligado à uma carga resistiva e acoplado a uma fonte de tensão. Um protótipo com potência de saída de 500 W, 20 kHz, com tensão de entrada de 70 V e 127 VRMS na tensão de saída é apresentado e os resultados experimentais que comparam a nova estratégia de modulação confirmam a análise teórica e desempenho superior. Uma tensão de saída com baixa THD é alcançada para ambas estratégias de modulação, operando em malha aberta em no modo de condução contínua. O segundo conversor é um flyback com grampeamento ativo adequado para ser utilizado como um micro-inversor em aplicações de energias renováveis. As principais características da topologia são o relativo baixo número de componentes, o isolamento em alta frequência, possibilidade de ser utilizado como elevador de tensão de saída e operação em ZVS. O grampeamento ativo permite recuperar a maior parte da energia armazenada na indutância de dispersão dos indutores flyback e, assim, uma melhoria na eficiência do conversor é atingida. A análise estática é fornecida para o conversor operando em CCM. Além disso, uma função de transferência da corrente de saída pela razão cíclica é apresentada para uma carga resistiva na saída. Para este conversor duas frequências de comutação de 100 kHz e 50 kHz foram testadas num protótipo construído para 500 W, com tensão de entrada de 70 V e tensão de saída de 127 VRMS. / This thesis proposes the analysis of two single-stage high-frequency isolated converters suited for grid-tied applications. Firstly, a new modulation strategy to the bidirectional flyback converter with differential output connection is introduced. This improved modulation provides better performance by reducing the RMS current values for every circuit element, thereby contributing to reduced conduction losses. The static analyses of the converter operating in both the original and the alternative switching strategies are presented. Dynamic analysis is also performed, providing the output-current-to-duty-cycle transfer function of the converter connected to a resistive load and coupled to an output voltage source. A 500 W, 20 kHz, 70 V input voltage and 127 VRMS output voltage prototype is presented and experimental results comparing the new modulation strategy to the original confirm the theoretical analyses and superior performance of the alternative switching strategy. A low THD output voltage is achieved for both switching strategies, operating in open loop and in continuous conduction mode. The second converter is an active-clamping flyback converter suitable to be used as a microinverter in renewable energy applications. The main features of the topology are the relatively low component count, high-frequency isolation, voltage step-up capability and zero voltage switching. The active clamping allows to recover most of the energy stored in the flyback inductors’ leakage inductance and thus an improvement on the system efficiency is achieved. The static analysis for CCM operation is provided. In addition, an output-current-to-duty-cycle transfer function for a resistive load connected to the output of the converter is presented. Two switching frequencies of 100 kHz and 50 kHz were tested in a prototype built for 500 W, 70 V input voltage and 127 VRMS output voltage.