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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Analýza stabilitních podmínek při silných srážkách v ČR / Analysis of stability conditions during heavy rains in the Czech republic

Marek, Lukáš January 2014 (has links)
In this thesis I describe the conceptual model of three kinds of instability in terms of precipitation. I describe ways of evaluating their presence in the atmosphere. They are: conditional instability, potential instability and symmetric instability. I have selected three events with strong precipitation in the Czech Republic so that the formation of each of them is with high probability involved in just one of the three kinds of instability. Events are first described using distance and station measurements. Through the NWP model COSMO are created prognostic fields of precipitation and several derived thermodynamic quantities for each event. On the horizontal (for the whole country) and vertical (for selected areas of the Czech Republic) distribution of these variables are demonstrated favourable conditions for the occurrence of the types of instability in the atmosphere. In the event of conditional instability the rainfall occurs in areas with high CAPE and negative or very small positive vertical lapse rate of potential temperature. The event with the potential instability is characterized by the occurrence of negative vertical lapse rate of equivalent potential temperature in the broad layers. The occurrence of symmetric instability suggests a number of indicators. The necessary occurence...
2

Turbulence barocline : effets couplés de rotation, stratification et cisaillement / Baroclinic turbulence : coupled effects of rotation, stratification and shear.

Pieri, Alexandre 23 November 2012 (has links)
La finalité de cette thèse est de fournir une meilleure compréhension de la turbulence homogène anisotrope soumise à un forçage barocline. À cette fin, nous utilisons une approche numérique pseudo-spectrale basée sur la transformation de Rogallo. L’utilisation d’un tel algorithme nous permet de considérer une asymétrie des fonctions de probabilité en faveur des évènements négatifs est observée. Le lien entre la distribution de vorticité potentielle et celle d’un scalaire passif est également étudié. Il est montré qu’à faible nombre de Richardson, c’est le mode vortex (à vorticité potentielle nulle) qui contient les plus importantes fuctuations de scalaire. Un écoulement homogène dans les trois directions de l’espace. Plusieurs simulations numériques directes (DNS) sont effectuées dans un contexte assez proche des écoulements géophysiques que l’on retrouve entre autre dans la stratosphère, où un gradient constant de vitesse zonale vient se coupler à un gradient constant de densité dans un repère tournant. Les résultats obtenus s’articulent autour de quatre axes principaux. Tout d’abord, une étude linéaire à temps fini est présentée en vue de compléter les résultats existants sur la dynamique linéaire asymptotique. La solution linéaire est décomposée en une partie ‘onde’ (qui se propage) et une partie dite ‘vortex’(stationnaire). L’étude analytique est complétée par un modèle synthétique de turbulence (Kinematic Simulation ou KS) basé sur la théorie de la distorsion rapide(RDT). Nous montrons qu’une distribution initiale non nulle de vorticité potentielle linéarisée peut conduire à d’importantes croissances transitoires. Ce résultat pourrait s’étendre à des modélisations du climat ou météorologique, où la distribution initiale de vorticité potentielle semble avoir autant d’importance que la distribution initiale de température ou de vitesse. Ensuite, nous consacrons une partie de notre étude à l’analyse paramétrique et à la stabilité de l’écoulement. Plusieurs DNS sont effectuées pour différents taux de rotation et stratification. Le diagramme de stabilité obtenu montre que pour de faibles taux de rotation, la limite de stabilité est identique à celle connue des écoulements sans rotation. À plus faible nombre de Rossby — lorsque la baroclinicité devient importante — la limite linéaire de stabilité Ri = 1 relative à l’instabilité symétrique est confirmée. La coexistance de l’instabilité barocline avec l’instabilité symétrique est également clarifiée. Une analyse énergétique détaillée mène à la conclusion suivante : la stratification doit être suffisamment importante (Ri ' 1) pour que l’instabilité barocline soit dominante i.e. que la conversion d’énergie potentielle soit la source principale d’énergie cinétique turbulente. Dans le cas contraire, l’instabilité symétrique — qui tire son énergie de l’énergie cinétique de l’écoulement moyen et non de son énergie potentielle — domine la dynamique de l’écoulement. Le troisième axe d’étude concerne la turbulence à proprement parler. En conséquence de l’ajustement géostrophique, le vent thermique force la turbulence d’une manière naturelle, en opposition à d’autres méthodes de forçage stochastique. L’émergence de structures dans le contexte barocline est approfondie. Des statistiques Euleriennes sont présentées afin de fournir une caractérisation fine de l’anisotropie de l’écoulement. Enfin, nous étendons notre étude à la caractérisation de la vorticité potentielle turbulente. Les fonctions de probabilité de la vorticité potentielle d’Ertel montrent que des anomalies sont présentes dans les configurations instables. En particulier, une asymétrie des fonctions de probabilité en faveur des évènements négatifs est observée. Le lien entre la distribution de vorticité potentielle et celle d’un scalaire passif est également étudié. Il est montré qu’à faible nombre de Richardson, c’est le mode vortex (à vorticité potentielle nulle) qui contient les plus importantes fuctuations de scalaire. / The main objective of this thesis is to provide a better understandingof homogeneous turbulence dynamics under an external baroclinic forcing.To achieve this goal, we use a pseudo-spectral code based on the Rogallo transformation.The use of such an algorithm allows to assume homegeneity in the threespatial directions. Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) are done in a context representativeof geophysical baroclinic flows in the middle atmosphere: superpositionof a uniform mean zonal flow with stable vertical stratification and frame rotation.The results we obtained are then presented along four axes.First, a finite-time linear analysis is done to complete previous asymptotic results.The linearized flow is decomposed into a propagating (wave) and stationary (vortex)part. The analytical work is completed by a Kinematic Simulation (KS) modelbased on Rapid Distortion Theory (RDT). It is shown that the linearized potentialvorticity mode can produce dramatic transient growth of the kinetic energy if nonzeroinitially. The consequence of such a result is then of capital interest in climatemodelling, where the initial distribution of potential vorticity seems to have moreimportance than other eulerian quantities (temperature or velocity).The second axis is dedicated to a parametric analysis of the flow stability. SeveralDNS are done for different rotation and stratification rates. The derived stabilitydiagram shows that at low rotation rates, the stability bound for purely shearedstratifiedflows is recovered. At higher rotation rates — when baroclinicity is dominant— the linear bound for the so-called symmetric instability is confirmed. Thecoexistence of baroclinic and symmetric instabilies is also clarified. A complete energeticanalysis leads to the conclusion that stratification must be sufficiently highto enhance potential energy release through baroclinic instability. If not, symmetricinstability — driving its energy from the kinetic energy of the mean flow and notfrom the potential energy of the mean flow — is found to dominate the dynamics.The third axis is devoted to a characterisation of homogeneous turbulence submittedto an external baroclinic forcing. As coming from the geostrophic adjustment,the thermal shear allows an organic forcing of turbulence, in opposition to ad-hocarticificial forcing. The structures associated with the simultaneous presence of rotation,stratification and shear are investigated. Eulerian statistics are gathered togive a sharp characterisation of the spatial anisotropy of the flow.Finally, we open our work to the study of turbulent potential vorticity. Probabilitydensity functions of Ertel’s potential vorticity show that potential vorticityanomalies are present in unstable configurations. In particular, an asymmetry ofthe probability density functions toward negative events is observed. An attemptto link potential vorticity dynamics with scalar mixing in baroclinic flows is donethrough joint probability functions analysis.
3

The evolution and breakdown of submesoscale instabilities

Stamper, Megan Andrena January 2018 (has links)
Ocean submesoscales are the subject of increasing focus in the oceanographic literature; with instrumentation now more capable of observing them in situ and numerical models now able to reach the resolution required to more fully capture them. Submesoscales are typified by horizontal spatial scales of O(1 − 10) km, vertical scales O(100) m and time-scales of O(1) day and are known to be associated with regions of high vertical velocity and vorticity. Occurring most commonly at density fronts at the ocean surface they can control mixed layer restratification and provide an important control on fluxes between the atmosphere and the deep ocean. This thesis sets out to better understand the fundamental physical processes underpinning submesoscale instabilities using a number of idealised process models. Linear stability analysis complemented by non-linear, high-resolution simulations will be used initially to explore the ways in which submesoscale instabilities in the mixed layer may compete and interact with one another. In particular, we will investigate the way in which symmetric and ageostrophic baroclinic instabilities interact when simultaneously present in a flow, with focus on the growth rates and energetic pathways of previously unexplored dynamic instabilities that arise in this paradigm; three-dimensional, mixed symmetric-baroclinic instabilities. Further, these non-linear simulations will allow us to investigate the transition to dissipative scales that can occur in the classical Eady model via a multitude of small-scale secondary instabilities that result from primary submesoscale instabilities. Finally, observational data, taken aboard the SMILES project cruise to the Southern Ocean, helps to motivate the consideration of a new dynamical paradigm; the Eady model with superimposed high amplitude barotropic jet. Non-linear simulations investigate the extent to which the addition of such a jet is capable of damping submesoscale growth. The causes of this damping are then investigated using linear analysis. With this approach eventually demonstrated as being unable to fully explain growth rate reductions, we introduce a new framework combining potential vorticity mixing by submesoscale instabilities with geostrophic adjustment, which relaxes the flow back to a geostrophic balanced state. This framework will help to explain, conceptually, how non-linear eddies control the linear stability of the flow.

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