Résumé non transmis / SOX10 is a transcription factor with well-known functions in neural crest and oligodendrocyte development. Mutations in SOX10 were first associated with Waardenburg-Hirschsprung disease (WS4; deafness, pigmentation defects and intestinal aganglionosis). However, variable phenotypes that extend beyond the WS4 definition are now reported. The neurological phenotypes associated with some truncating mutations are suggested to be the result of escape from the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway; but, to date, no mechanism has been suggested for missense mutations, of which approximately 20 have now been reported, and about half of which are redistributed in vitro to nuclear bodies of undetermined nature and function. Here, we reported that the paraspeckle protein p54NRB, which plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression during many cellular processes including differentiation, and is a member of the Drosophila behavior Human Splicing (DBHS) protein family, interacts and acts synergistically with SOX10 to regulate several target genes. Interestingly, this multifunctional protein, as well as two other members of the DBHS protein family, co-localized with SOX10 mutants in nuclear bodies, suggesting the possible paraspeckle nature of these foci or re-localization of the DBHS members to other subnuclear compartments. Remarkably, the co-transfection of wild-type and mutant SOX10 constructs led to the sequestration of wild-type SOX10 in mutant-induced foci. However, only foci forming mutants exclusively found in the nucleus altered synergistic activity between SOX10 and p54NRB. We proposed that such a dominant negative effect may contribute to or be at the origin of the progressive neurological phenotype observed in affected patients.One of the roles of p54NRB is the regulation of gene expression via nuclear retention, by binding to hyperedited IRAlu sequences this protein blocks their efficient export to the cytoplasm (Zhang and Carmichael., 2001), we then decided to get into the world of editing. Editing, is a molecular mechanism characterized by the deaminase conversion of adenosines into inosines (A-to-I). In mammals, this molecular modification, is performed by a cluster of three enzymes named Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs 1-3) (Wagner RW et al., 1989).In order to evaluate the role of ADAR1 in NC development, we decided to conditionally invalidate the expression of this enzyme using the NC specific HtPA-Cre line. Two main crossing strategies were followed, one including the Rosa26R-LacZ marker (RADR crossing) to track the NCCs and one not (CADR crossing). Globally, the Adar1 deficient pups harvested from the CADR crossing presented with 100% mortality within the first three days after birth. The survival rate of the mutants generated using the second strategy (RADR) was higher, however, none of the mutants survived up to P30. In general, the mutants of the latest crossing, presented with pleiotropic NC phenotype: abnormal melanocyte, ENS and sciatic nerve defects were observed.

La crête neurale est une population de cellules migratoires multipotentes qui se délaminent du tube neural et se différencient en plusieurs types cellulaires. Des altérations du réseau génique de régulation (GRN) de la CNengendrent des maladies congénitales, peu comprises. Cette thèse a pour but d’approfondir la compréhension du rôle de PAX3, un gène crucial dans le GRN de la CN, pendant le développement normal ou pathologique de la CN. Tout d’abord, nous avons caractérisé deux lignées transgéniques de X. laevis, Pax3:GFP etSox10:GFP qui permettent d’étudier l’induction et la spécification précoce de la CN ou sa migration, respectivement. Ensuite, en utilisant des analyses à large échelle, RNAseq et ChIPseq,nous avons défini le premier CN-GRN centré surPax3 chez X. laevis et avons notamment identifié quatre nouveaux gènes régulés par Pax3 :pcdh8l, ercc1 (directement) et fhl3, mmp14(indirectement). Des analyses par perte et gain de fonction de Pax3 in vivo ont permis de vérifier lapertinence de ces cibles.Puis, nous avons analysé le rôle des cibles, Fhl3,pendant le développement de la CN. Fhl3 s’est avéré être un stimulateur intracellulaire de la voie BMP qui, de manière contrôlée spatio-temporellement,est indispensable pour que les cellules cibles de BMP activent la production de WNT à un niveau suffisant pour le développement de la CN.Finalement, nous avons généré les premières lignées iPSC dérivées de patients atteints du syndrome de Waardenburg de type 1 qui ont un allèle de Pax3 muté et nous avons pu les différencier en CN. L’ensemble de ce travail apporte de nouveaux outils et de nouveaux gènes d’intérêt à étudier la CN tant chez X. laevis que chez l’humain. / The neural crest (NC) is a population of multipotent migratory cells that delaminate from the neural tube and differentiate into several cell types. Alterations in NC regulatory gene network (GRN) result in congenital diseases that are poorly understood. This thesis aims to better understand the role of Pax3, a crucial gene in NC GRN, during the normal orpathological NC development. First, we characterized two transgenic lines of X. laevis,Pax3:GFP and Sox10:GFP that allowed us to study the induction and early specification of NC or its migration, respectively. Then, using large scale analyzes, RNAseq and ChIPseq, we defined the first NC-GRN centered on Pax3 inX. laevis and identified in particular four new genes regulated by Pax3 : pcdh8l, ercc1(directly) and fhl3, mmp14 (indirectly). The relevance of these targets was verified by Pax3loss- and gain-of-function in vivo.Then, we analyzed the role of one target, Fhl3,during NC development. We have shown thatFhl3 is an intracellular stimulator of the BMP pathway, which, in a spatiotemporally controlled manner, is essential for BMP target cells to activate the production of WNT at a sufficient level for the development of NC.Finally, we generated the first iPSC lines derived from Waardenburg syndrome type 1patients with a heterozygous Pax3 loss-of function mutation and we were able to differentiate them into NC. All of this work brings new tools and new genes of interest to study NC in both X. laevis and humans.