In order to increase results accuracy and to provide some time-dependency to CFD results, embedded RANS/LES simulations are getting more and more interesting. In order to run these simulations accurate LES boundary conditions are required, not to affect the downstream results with a poor quality synthetic turbulence generation. Considering the currently developped methodologies, it is not possible to generate a divergence free turbulent flow which satisfy a non isotropic state of turbulence. The author started from the Synthetic Eddy Method (SEM) defined by Jarrin (2009), and defined a new shape function with the ability to satisfy continuity. The new methodology, named Divergence Free SEM (DFSEM), is able to reproduce almost any kind of turbulence anisotropy by using a special shape function and adapting the eddies intensities in order to match the Reynolds stress tensor rather than using the Lund coefficients, as most of the precursor methodologies did. Results comparisons against SEM and some other very popular synthetic turbulence models in some academic cases, proved that a reduce influence on the downstream flow was achieved. In most of the cases the friction coefficient Cf , used as a performance parameter, benefit by reducing the downstream developping zone by almost 50% in most cases, when compared against SEM. Another issue that has been tackled regards the unphysical pressure fluctuations present because of the synthetic turbulence, due to non perfectly constant mass-flow rate imposed in stochastic methodologies. The new methodology also showed an increased flexibility as it has been tested in embedded DDES simulation, by using the blending function to activate/deactivate it, and again it showed improved performances when compared against standard SEM.

The noise generated by jet engines represents a significant environmental concern that still needs to be addressed. Accurate and efficient numerical predictions are a key step towards reducing jet noise. The current standard in highidelity prediction of jet noise is large eddy simulation (LES), which resolves the large turbulent scales responsible for the low and medium frequency noise and models the smallest turbulent scales that correspond to the high frequency noise. While LES requires significant computational resources to produce an accurate solution, it fails to resolve the noise in the high frequency range, which cannot be simply ignored. To circumvent this, in this dissertation the Coupled LES-Synthetic Turbulent method (CLST) was developed to model the missing frequencies that relate to un-resolved sub-grid scale fluctuations in the flow. The CLST method combines the resolved, large-scale turbulent fluctuations from very large eddy simulations (VLES) with modeled, small-scale fluctuations from a synthetic turbulence model. The noise field is predicted using a formulation of the linearized Euler equations (LEE), where the acoustic waves are generated by source terms from the combined fluctuations of the VLES and the synthetic fields. This research investigates both a Fourier mode-based stochastic turbulence model and a synthetic eddy-based turbulence model in the CLST framework. The Fourier mode-based method is computationally less expensive than the synthetic eddy method but does not account for sweeping. Sweeping and straining of the synthetic fluctuations by large flow scales from VLES are accounted for in the synthetic eddy method. The two models are tested on a Mach 0.9 jet at a moderately-high Reynolds number and at a low Reynolds number. The CLST method is an efficient and viable alternative to high resolution LES or DNS because it can resolve the high frequency range in the acoustic noise spectrum at a reasonable expense.

With the increased application of large eddy simulations and hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes techniques, the generation of realistic turbulence at inflow boundaries is crucial for the accuracy of numerical results. In this dissertation research, two novel turbulence inflow generation methods are derived and validated. The first method, the Triple Hill's Vortex Synthetic Eddy Method, is a new type of synthetic eddy method, where the fundamental eddy is constructed through a superposition of three orthogonal Hill's vortices. The amplitudes of the three vortices that form the fundamental eddy are calculated from known Reynolds stress profiles through a transformation from the physical reference frame to the principal-axis reference frame. In this way, divergenceree anisotropic turbulent velocity fields are obtained that can reproduce a given Reynolds stress tensor. The model was tested on isotropic turbulence decay, turbulent channel flow, and a spatially developing turbulent mixing layer. The Triple Hill's Vortex Synthetic Eddy Method exhibited a quicker recovery of the desired turbulent flow conditions when compared with other current synthetic turbulence methods. The second method is the Control Forced Concurrent Precursor Method which combines an existing concurrent precursor method and a mean flow forcing method with a new extension of the controlled forcing method. Turbulent inflow boundary conditions are imposed through a region of body forces added as source terms to the momentum equations of the main simulation which transfer flow variables from the precursor simulation. Controlled forcing planes imposed in the precursor simulation, allow for specific Reynolds stress tensors and mean velocities to be imposed. A unique feature of the approach is that the proposed fluctuating flow controlled forcing method can be applied to multiple fluctuating velocity components and couple their calculation to amplify the existing fluctuations present in the precursor flow field so that prescribed anisotropic Reynolds stress tensors can be reproduced. The new method was tested on high and low Reynolds number turbulent boundary layer flows, where the proposed fluctuating flow controlled forcing method greatly accelerated the development of the turbulent boundary layers when compared with cases without controlled forcing and with only the original controlled forcing.