A project report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. Johannesburg 1990 / A debit-card is a form of payment, The card is pre-charged with a value, monetary or otherwise, before distribution to the user, and is therefore a pre-payment card . It is then 'used up, its value being decremented until it is valueless. At this point, it is either discarded or re-charged by the administration authority, It is distinct from a credit card, which provides a post-payment facility. The aim of this project is to investigate the security aspects of a debit-card reader system for use as an unattended fee-collecting subsystem in such applications as public telephones, parking meters and vending machines. Card technology and attributes of debit card systems are discussed, an overview of cryptology is given, and an implementation of a magnetic card system is described.

Este trabalho aborda o desenvolvimento de um aparato instrumental para efetuar medidas elastográficas por ultrassom. No qual foi considerado a elastografia tradicional que busca analisar as propriedades mecânicas de viscosidade e elasticidade de um meio, através da compressão e descompressão, de modo a simular o processo de palpação utilizado pelos médicos para avaliar a rigidez de um tecido, pois é sabido que estas mudanças estão relacionados a alguma forma de lesão do tecido biológico. Para alcançar tal propósito, foi construído simuladores de tecidos moles com características mecânicas próximas ao tecido biológico, nos quais foram utilizados materiais a base de parafinas (hidrocarbonetos) e gelatinas (proteínas extraída da hidrólise do colágeno de tecidos bovinos/suínos). Além do mais, foram introduzidos, na mistura, fluidos magnetoreológicos (FMR), que permitiram alterar estas propriedades mecânicas através da aplicação de um campo magnético externo. Os resultados apontam a viabilidade do protótipo em levantar o módulo de elasticidade destes simuladores, além de torná-lo um elemento diferencial para treinamento de profissionais da área de saúde e possível criação de protocolo para calibração de diferentes tumores e análise de medidas elastográficas, a partir da alteração de rigidez de um meio através da aplicação de campos magnéticos externos. / This work approaches the development of an apparatus to perform instrumental measures elastográficas ultrasound. In elastography which was traditionally considered that seeks to analyze the mechanical properties of viscosity and elasticity of a medium, through compression and decompression in order to simulate the palpation process used by physicians to evaluate stiffness of a fabric, it is known that these changes are related to some form of injury of biological tissue. To achieve this goal, was constructed simulators soft tissues mechanical characteristics close to biological tissue in which the materials were used based on paraffin (oil) and gelatin (protein hydrolysis of collagen extracted from bovine tissue / pigs). Besides, were introduced into the mixture, magnetorheological fluids (FMR) which allowed to change these mechanical properties by applying an external magnetic field. The results indicate the viability of the prototype in raising the modulus of elasticity of these simulators, and make it a differential element of training for health professionals and possible creation of protocol for calibration of different tumors and analysis of measures elastográficas from changing the stiffness of a medium by applying external magnetic fields.

Este trabalho aborda o desenvolvimento de um aparato instrumental para efetuar medidas elastográficas por ultrassom. No qual foi considerado a elastografia tradicional que busca analisar as propriedades mecânicas de viscosidade e elasticidade de um meio, através da compressão e descompressão, de modo a simular o processo de palpação utilizado pelos médicos para avaliar a rigidez de um tecido, pois é sabido que estas mudanças estão relacionados a alguma forma de lesão do tecido biológico. Para alcançar tal propósito, foi construído simuladores de tecidos moles com características mecânicas próximas ao tecido biológico, nos quais foram utilizados materiais a base de parafinas (hidrocarbonetos) e gelatinas (proteínas extraída da hidrólise do colágeno de tecidos bovinos/suínos). Além do mais, foram introduzidos, na mistura, fluidos magnetoreológicos (FMR), que permitiram alterar estas propriedades mecânicas através da aplicação de um campo magnético externo. Os resultados apontam a viabilidade do protótipo em levantar o módulo de elasticidade destes simuladores, além de torná-lo um elemento diferencial para treinamento de profissionais da área de saúde e possível criação de protocolo para calibração de diferentes tumores e análise de medidas elastográficas, a partir da alteração de rigidez de um meio através da aplicação de campos magnéticos externos. / This work approaches the development of an apparatus to perform instrumental measures elastográficas ultrasound. In elastography which was traditionally considered that seeks to analyze the mechanical properties of viscosity and elasticity of a medium, through compression and decompression in order to simulate the palpation process used by physicians to evaluate stiffness of a fabric, it is known that these changes are related to some form of injury of biological tissue. To achieve this goal, was constructed simulators soft tissues mechanical characteristics close to biological tissue in which the materials were used based on paraffin (oil) and gelatin (protein hydrolysis of collagen extracted from bovine tissue / pigs). Besides, were introduced into the mixture, magnetorheological fluids (FMR) which allowed to change these mechanical properties by applying an external magnetic field. The results indicate the viability of the prototype in raising the modulus of elasticity of these simulators, and make it a differential element of training for health professionals and possible creation of protocol for calibration of different tumors and analysis of measures elastográficas from changing the stiffness of a medium by applying external magnetic fields.

This thesis is aimed at the current issues of juvenile justice system, especially the educational measures. The center of attention is the youths responsibility for their illegal acts, alternative process and measures, which are set up against the delinquents. Statistics show how the criminality of young people appears at present and what sanctions are taken against them. The main focus is aimed at the educational measures, which are specific to the type of sanctions imposed on young delinquents. The practical part shows the description of sample cases, where educational measures were imposed on young people. In conclusion is a recommendation and some incentives how to improve the current situation in juvenile justice system.

College is usually thought of as a time where students, often living alone for their first time, are encouraged towards healthy risk-taking behavior, as well as social, intellectual, and vocational development. Unfortunately for female students, college becomes the time of their lives where they are exposed to the highest risk of sexual victimization. Many colleges across America have taken steps to address the significant problem of sexual assault on their campuses. However, even with rising concern about the sexual victimization of college students, there remains very little systematic information published about the content of sexual assault policies, protocols and programs that exist on college campuses. Focusing on the seven schools of the Oregon University System (OUS), this study sought to examine the schools' sexual assault policies, as well as their prevention and response efforts to sexual assault. Additionally schools' willingness for assistance and training from Oregon Sexual Assault Task Force (OSATF) was also studied. Specifically, official school sexual assault policies were content analysis and secondary survey data gathered by the OSATF was examined. Results demonstrated that, in most cases, policies of the OUS schools were vague in their definitions of what constituted a sexual assault, and lacked the additional information necessary for victims to respond to their sexual victimization. However, Universities also offered various forms of educational opportunities and awareness raising activities. While this proves promising, there is clearly room for improvement. OUS schools also appeared willing to work with the OSATF to improve the delivery of their sexual assault prevention services. The findings of this thesis are important in directing future actions of the OUS when developing and implementing sexual assault response and prevention strategies.