The analytical and numerical modeling of CO2 sequestration in deep saline aquifers having different properties was studied with diffusion and convection mechanisms. The complete dissolution of CO2 in the aquifer by diffusion took thousands, even millions of years. In diffusion dominated system, an aquifer with 100 m thickness saturated with CO2 after 10,000,000 years. It was much earlier in convective dominant system. In diffusion process, the dissolution of CO2 in aquifer increased with porosity increase / however, in convection dominant process dissolution of CO2 in aquifer decreased with porosity increase. The increase in permeability accelerated the dissolution of CO2 in aquifer significantly, which was due to increasing velocity. The dissolution process in the aquifer realized faster for the aquifers with lower dispersivity. The results of convective dominant mechanism in aquifers with 1md and 10 md permeability values were so close to that of diffusion dominated system. For the aquifer having permeability higher than 10 md, the convection mechanism began to dominate gradually and it became fully convection dominated system for 50 md and higher permeability values. These results were also verified with calculated Rayleigh number and mixing zone lengths. The mixing zone length increased with increase in porosity and time in diffusion dominated system. However, the mixing zone length decreased with increase in porosity and it increased with increase in dispersivity and permeability higher than 10 md in convection dominated system.

A snacks company / that manufactures potato, corn and corn grain chips constructed an anaerobic co-digestion facility (ACF) having a total volume of 4200 m3. The process involved anaerobic co-digestion of anaerobic sludge from its wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), along with organic waste generated in the plant. The anaerobic co-digestion process had two products / 60 % methane containing biogas, and digestate with improved fertilizer characteristics compared to raw organic waste. Produced biogas was being utilized in a co-generation plant, where electricity and heat was produced. The main objective of this study was to enhance biogas production of the ACF. Two routes were followed for this purpose / first being the investigation of OLR effects in an experimental set-up / and second being the assessment of ACF&rsquo / s biogas production performance through observation of biogas production rate, and OLR. Results obtained from the experiments conducted were used to improve ACF&rsquo / s OLR regime. Experimenting with Organic Loading Rates of 3.3 / 5.3 and 6.4 kg VS/m3.d / biogas production rates of 114 L/d / 207 L/d and 246 L/d have been obtained respectively. Related biogas yield values have been found out as 0.396 / 0.431 and 0.200 L/g VS added. Based on the results of the experimental study, two conclusions were drawn: OLR of 5.3 kg VS/m3.d resulted in the highest biogas production rate, and an OLR of 6.4 kg VS/m3.d inhibited the mixed anaerobic cultures and thus biogas production capacity. Regarding the studies realized in real size ACF / adjusting the loading regime and increasing the average OLR from 1.8 kg VS / m3.d to 3 kg VS / m3.d resulted an increase of 50% in the biogas production rate / that would result in an annual greenhouse gas saving of 1,534,250 m3 .

Today, numerous studies indicate the presence of synthetic organics such as nonylphenol (NP) compounds in wastewater. NP compounds are a group of chemicals including nonylphenol, nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPnEO) and nonylphenoxy polyethoxy acetic acids (NPnEC). Since NP compounds have significant industrial, commercial and domestic use, they enter environmental systems and reach human beings from various pathways. Their presence is of concern because they are toxic, carcinogenic and endocrine disrupting due to their ability to mimic oestrogen hormone. The information available on the degradation of NPnEOs, is such that degradation starts with the reduction of ethylene oxide units, resulting in the formation of nonylphenol, nonylphenol mono- or diethoxylate (NP1EO and NP2EO) and nonylphenoxy acetic acid (NP1EC). Although their fate during wastewater treatment was investigated in the past, not many research investigating their fate in sludge treatment can be found. Therefore, the objective of this study is first to come up with reliable extraction and measurement methods for NP compounds and then to investigate the fate of NP2EO in aerobic digesters. After the development of techniques for the extraction and measurement of NP compounds, aerobic reactors spiked with NP2EO were operated. The samples were analyzed for solids content, COD, pH and NP compounds. The results showed that NP2EO degrades rapidly under aerobic conditions. As time proceeded, NP1EC formation was observed with the degradation of NP2EO, and NP1EC became the dominant specie. The solids concentration measurements showed that concentration of NP compounds did not affect the efficiency of aerobic digesters.

Regular disinfection of surfaces is required in order to reduce the number of microorganisms, unable to transmit infections and maintaining the surfaces sterilized. For this purpose, antimicrobial thin film coatings on the various surfaces such as glass and ceramic surfaces, capable of killing harmful microorganisms are being investigated. Generally a semiconducting material which can be activated by UV light tends to exhibit a strong antimicrobial activity. With holes (h+) and hydroxyl radicals (OH*) generated in the valence band, electrons and the superoxide ions (O2-) generated in the conduction band, illuminated semiconductor photocatalysts can inactivate microorganisms by participating in a series of oxidation reactions leading to carbon dioxide. The aim of this current study was developing semiconductor coatings, increasing the photocatalytic activity of these coatings by metal doping, particularly palladium doping, and investigating the antimicrobial properties of these coatings. In this study, glass surfaces were coated with titanium dioxide (TiO2), tin dioxide (SnO2) and palladium doped TiO2 and SnO2 sol-gels. After achieving thin, dense and strong coatings, antimicrobial properties of the coatings were investigated by applying the indicator microorganisms directly onto the coated glasses. Different cell wall structure of microorganisms can strongly affect the photocatalytic efficiency of the coatings. Hence Escherichia coli as a Gr (-) bacteria, Staphylococcus aereus as Gr (+) bacteria, Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a yeast and Aspergilus niger spores were used in the experiments. Photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2 was better than SnO2 coatings. Palladium doping increased the antimicrobial activity of both coatings. The reduction efficiencies were found to decrease in the following order of E. coli [Gr (-)] &gt / S. aereus [Gr (+)] &gt / S.cerevisiae (yeast) &gt / A. niger spores. The complexity and the density of the cell walls increased in the same order. As a result of this study, with the coating that shows the best photocatalytic activity, 98% of Escherichia coli, 87% of Staphylococcus aereus, 43% Saccharomyces cerevisiae were killed after 2 hours illumination.

Climate change and anticipated impacts of sea level rise such as increased coastal erosion, inundation, flooding due to storm surges and salt water intrusion to freshwater resources will affect all the countries but mostly small island countries of oceans and low-lying lands along coastlines. Turkey having 8333 km of coastline including physically, ecologically and socio-economically important low-lying deltas should also prepare for the impacts of sea level rise as well as other impacts of climate change while participating in adaptation and mitigation efforts. Thus, a coastal vulnerability assessment of Turkey to sea level rise is needed both as a part of coastal zone management policies for sustainable development and as a guideline for resource allocation for preparation of adaptation options for upcoming problems due to sea level rise. In this study, a fuzzy coastal vulnerability assessment model (FCVI) of a region to sea level rise using physical and human activity indicators of impacts of sea level rise which use commonly available data are developed. The results enable decision makers to compare and rank different regions according to their vulnerabilities to sea level rise, to prioritize impacts of sea level rise on the region according to the vulnerability of the region to each impact and to determine the most vulnerable parameters for planning of adaptation measures to sea level rise. The sensitivity and uncertainty analysis performed for the results of the model (FCVI) is the first time application of a fuzzy uncertainty analysis model to coastal vulnerability assessments. These analysis ensure that the decision makers could be able to interpret the results of such vulnerability assessments based primarily on expert perceptions accurately enough. This in turn, would increase the confidence levels of adaptation measures and as well as accelerate implementation of adaptation of coastal areas to climate change. The developed coastal vulnerability assessment model is applied successfully to determine the vulnerability of G&ouml / ksu, G&ouml / cek and Amasra regions of Turkey that have different geological, ecological and socio-economical properties. The results of the site studies show that G&ouml / ksu has high vulnerability, G&ouml / cek has moderate vulnerability and Amasra shows low vulnerability to sea level rise. These results are in accordance with the general literature on impacts of sea level rise at different geomorphological coastal areas thus the applicability of fuzzy vulnerability assessment model (FCVI) to coastal areas is validated.

Being one of the specially protected areas declared by General Directorate of Natural Assets Protection, G&ouml / cek Bay is threatened by increasing boat tourism and insufficient legal practices. Large scale measures are being planned for decreasing the pollution and protecting the region. For a sustainable coastal management, technical, social, political and economic tools are needed to be used. For environmental investments, it is necessary that they should be identified in monetary terms. The aim of this study is to determine the benefits and costs of the management alternatives to improve environmental quality in G&ouml / cek Bay to aid decision makers. In the study, the environmental benefits that can be obtained with improved water quality and restated marine ecosystem was calculated using the Choice Experiment Method. Data analyses are made using Multinomial Logit analysis. The results showed that, for improvements in water quality local residents are willing to pay 18 TL/month and tourists are willing to pay 16.6 TL/tour. For improvements in marine life local residents are willing to pay 14.8 TL/month and tourists are willing to pay 11.2 TL/tour. The total value that can be obtained from these stakeholders is calculated as 751,140 TL/year. This amount enables the investments to amortize themselves in 21 years. With this study, it has been seen that the obtained results will pave the way for new policies and measures against the deterioration of the marine environment of G&ouml / cek.

The cadastre contains parcel related data which must be up-to-date. The cadastral data in any country constitute a very big dataset. Therefore parcel related data should be carefully managed. Today, using a database is an effective way of data management. The relational database management system can be a good one for parcel related data. However when the information system concept is considered, just relational database management system is not enough. Some tools are needed in order to manipulate the data in the relational database management system. Object oriented analysis and design is a good choice to develop these tools. In this study, a parcel-based information system is developed and it is implemented for &Ccedil / ankaya Municipality. During the development relational database management system is used for attribute data management, and object-oriented analysis and design is used for development of application to manipulate the data in the relational database management system. The cadastral data are separated into two parts and each part is handled separately. The first part is the geographic or spatial data. These data are handled by the help of the MapInfo Professional Version 6.5. The other part is the attributes of these spatial data. For this part, relational database is designed and implemented on Microsoft SQL Server Version 2000. During the development of the relational database, conceptual database design is performed by enhanced entity-relationship (EER) model. Then in the logical design, the conceptual model is mapped into the relational model. After data storage area is created, the application is developed on that data by using principles of object-oriented design and analysis and unified modeling language. By the help of the software developed, the data management can be carried out easily. By this study, a solution is proposed for the cadastral data management problem of the municipalities, and this study is one of the first studies developed for parcel related data using object-oriented approach for municipalities.