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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Food Technology, 1960 / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-101). / by Frederick Jessop King. / Ph. D. / Ph. D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Food Technology

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Food Technology, 1952 / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Felix Bronner. / Ph. D. / Ph. D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Food Technology

The study of network robustness is a critical tool in the understanding of complex interconnected systems such as the Internet, which due to digitalization, gives rise to an increasing prevalence of cyberattacks. Robustness is when a network maintains its basic functionality even under failure of some of its components, in this instance being nodes or edges. Despite the importance of the Internet in the global economic system, it is rare to find empirical analyses of the global pattern of Internet traffic data established via backbone connections, which can be defined as an interconnected network of nodes and edges between which bandwidth flows. Hence in this thesis, I use metrics based on graph properties of network models to evaluate the robustness of the backbone network, which is further supported by international cybersecurity ratings. These cybersecurity ratings are adapted from the Global Cybersecurity Index which measures countries' commitments to cybersecurity and ranks countries based on their cybersecurity strategies. Ultimately this empirical analysis follows a three-step process of firstly mapping the Internet as a network of networks, followed by analysing the various networks and country profiles, and finally assessing each regional network's robustness. By using TeleGeography and ITU data, the results show that the regions with countries which have higher cybersecurity ratings in turn have more robust networks, when compared to regions with countries which have lower cybersecurity ratings.

Cryptocurrencies are one of the most exciting financial technologies that have emerged since the global financial crisis. It has spurred on a new financial ecosystem looking to enhance the traditional financial system. Many of the economic functions such as payments, investment, trading and capital raising have made it to the cryptocurrency industry. Regulators, who have not universally agreed on how to approach regulating cryptocurrency activity, are seeking the best approaches to ensuring financial stability. This paper looks at the risk posed by cryptocurrencies and how to regulate the activities. It applies this directly to the South African context and finds that cryptocurrency activities are easily accommodated within the South African regulatory framework with a set of minor definition changes.