Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-141).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis discusses the field of asymmetric synthesis of oxiranes. An introduction highlighting the most successful methods for the synthesis of chiral epoxides including the latest advances in these areas, with particular attention paid to the organocatalytic techniques is presented in chapter one. The second chapter begins by summarizing the group's previous efforts in the initial stage of this project and sets the motif for this work. These include: the synthesis of enantiopure dihyroisoquinolinium salts with a chiral residue attached to the exocyclic carbon-nitrogen bond as catalysts for asymmetric epoxidation; utilizing systems such as camphor and natural amino acids as starting points for these syntheses; developing other catalyst families in order to delve into the possibility of eliminating the structural weaknesses leading to loss of enantioselectivity in the oxygen transfer process; attempts to probe the reactive intermediates responsible for the asymmetric induction by analytical techniques; checking for catalyst applicability with different alkene and sulphide substrates; the development of anhydrous reaction conditions and their testing with the successful catalysts prepared. Enantiomeric excesses of up to 70% have been obtained. An attempt at exploring the synthesis of chiral reagents for the asymmetric epoxidation via a Payne/peroxyacid route is also described. This chapter concludes with a comparison of the catalyst families generated, and presents a few suggestions for future research in this area. The third chapter is dedicated to, the experimental section and includes the methods of synthesis and characterization of the compounds in the results and discussion chapter. There are three appendices at the. end of the thesis; Appendix A contains a summary the X-ray reports regarding the crystallographic data of the compound structures presented in chapter two. Appendix B contains samples of the analytical spectra of the enantiomeric excess determination for epoxides. Appendix C includes a copy of both publications I was involved in during my research in this topic.

One of the main expectations the university community has for First Year Composition (FYC) is that it will help students to become better writers and prepare them for the work they will do in subsequent courses, including writing in their own disciplines. In order for this to happen, students have to be able to transfer their knowledge. Because transfer does not happen automatically, it must be fostered in a way that encourages students to recognize and articulate what they have learned and are learning. Articulation of learning and of awareness of writing development moves students toward transfer, and reflection provides the means for students to address their learning. For students to learn how to transfer, we must teach for transfer, doing so in a way that promotes both transfer and their awareness of its possibility. Context-sensitive discourse analysis provides a glimpse at students’ perceptions of their writing development (a necessary component for transfer) as well as potential transfer and cues to trigger it. This research conducted at a small, private university in the Midwest collected reflective essays from first-year students; I coded the essays according to comments addressing what students’ papers show about them as students and writers, what revisions and changes they would want readers to notice, what they learned over the semester, what they said about their growth and its ongoing nature, etc. The students’ comments provide a glimpse at their awareness of the ongoing nature of their development and the places where the awareness of transfer emerges, which, by extension, can show us where we can intervene and work with students to promote transfer.

The aim of this thesis is to develop, present and then demonstrate conceptual structures that link together an apparently heterogeneous range of research activity about technology in situations which are the subject of decision-making and policy formulation. Technology is considered to be knowledge as applied in organisations, communities, policy contexts and so on. It thus takes in not only the physical processes and output of the engineering sciences but also the new forms of organisation which use that output, their impacts on, and interactions with, people at large and with the so-called natural systems in which those people are embedded and with which they also interact. Methodologically many of the research publications which this thesis incorporates approach technology related issues and problems from the bottom up, from the most microscopic level of the individual human actor, the smallest feasible level of natural and engineered systems. It is an attempt to redress the top down perspectives which dominate technology and science policy formulation and decision making. This approach often requires research interaction at the level of the individual person or at the lowest level of physical and biological activity relevant to the issue at hand and the appropriate techniques for such interaction are debated and demonstrated. The principles of 'translation' or 'mapping' which are capable of being applied to a range of interactions between different domains (physically engineered, diverse individuals and knowledge) are developed. The thesis then shows how the representation of responses of people to products and services has evolved and begins to focus on organisations as suppliers of those products and processes. Technology is articulated as knowledge in the context of technology transfer into organisations and the thesis shows how those ideas evolved into the concept of knowledge dynamics in organisations. The problems of interactions which involve bio- physical systems as well as engineered systems and people and the issues of sustainability and policy relevant research are introduced. The nature of integrative interdisciplinary research about these issues is presented as a form of knowledge dynamics. The thesis shows how the concepts above can be used to distinguish between policy and decision relevant issues, and how they help to provide a conceptual framework within which the similarities and differences between knowledge policy in organisations and science research policy can be compared. Thus it is a series of interdisciplinary explorations into complex decision and policy relevant situations in which technology, in the form of knowledge and as the study of interaction between the designed physical world, people, organisations and natural systems, is a constant theme.

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Orientador: Marcelo Moreira Ganzarolli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T13:22:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simoes_RobertoMac-Intyer_M.pdf: 2139090 bytes, checksum: 0d40eb0587d86506df37c76ba2e02031 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Realizou-se uma análise experimental para estudar a transferência de calor conjugada convecção natural-condução em um canal vertical de placas paralelas contendo aquecedores bidimensionais protuberantes discretos distribuídos uniformemente sobre a superfície de uma das placas (substrato condutivo). O objetivo é prever a distribuição de sobretemperatura local nos elementos protuberantes em um aquecimento não uniforme, baseada nas medições dos elementos da matriz da função de Green discreta inversa, chamados de coeficientes de influência conjugados. O método de superposição linear foi utilizado sob a condição de que o efeito do empuxo local é insignificante comparado com o escoamento global induzido ao longo do canal. O canal é composto de uma placa de epóxi de 0,0016 m de espessura, com sete fontes de calor protuberantes de alumínio polido montadas em sua superfície, e uma placa adiabática lisa na parede oposta. O canal tem 0,365 m de altura e 0,340 m de largura. Na análise experimental, os espaçamentos entre as paredes do canal utilizados foram b=20mm e b=30mm. A máxima potência global imposta no canal foi 70W. Os coeficientes de influência conjugados foram determinados a partir dos perfis de sobretemperaturas obtidos a partir de experimentos de aquecimento uniforme e experimentos com um elemento desligado. Esses coeficientes, em diferentes níveis de potência, foram utilizados para comparar os perfis de sobretemperatura experimentais e os perfis preditos pelo método da função de Green discreta inversa. A aplicação desta metodologia para o problema de transferência de calor conjugado por convecção naturalcondução fornece uma predição razoável da distribuição de sobretemperatura para uma dissipação de potência arbitrária nos elementos protuberantes / Abstract: An experimental analysis was performed to study conjugate natural convection-conduction heat transfer in a vertical parallel plate channel containing discrete and protruding twodimensional heaters distributed uniformly on the surface of one of the plates (conductive substrate). The objective is to predict the local overtemperature distribution in the protruding elements by nonuniform heating, based on measurements of the inverse discrete Green's function matrix elements, called conjugate influence coefficients. The linear superposition method was used, assuming the condition of negligible local buoyancy effect compared to the global flow induced throughout the channel. The channel is composed of an epoxy plate 0.0016 m thick, with seven protruding heat sources of polished aluminum mounted on its surface, and an adiabatic smooth plate on the opposite wall. The channel is 0.365 m long and 0.34 m wide, with channel wall to wall spacing of 0.02 m. In the experimental analysis, the spacing between the channel walls utilized was b=0.020m and b=30mm. The maximum global power imposed on the channel was 70W. The conjugate influence coefficients were determined from the overtemperatures profiles obtained from the uniform heating experiments and the no-power experiments. These coefficients, at different power levels, were utilized to compare the experimental overtemperature profiles and the overtemperature profiles predited by the inverse discrete Green's function method. The application of this methodology for the conjugate natural convection-conduction heat transfer problem provided a reasonable prediction of overtemperature distribution for arbitrary power dissipation in the protruding elements / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Bombardment of intact cells and tissue with DNA-coated microprojectiles represents a novel approach to the genetic transformation of biological material. In this thesis, a gas propulsion particle gun is developed for such a purpose. The particle gun utilises gas dynamics to control particle velocity and spread, thereby enabling optimisation of transformation efficiencies for varying types of target material. The dynamics associated with particle acceleration are shown to relate to transient, shock tube flow. Measurements from schlieren high-speed video photographs of the shock structure of an underexpanded jet demonstrate good agreement with empirical correlations of previous researchers; pitot tube measurements of the nozzle exit Mach number are made and shown to be in good agreement with theoretical contact surface velocities. A novel optical particle velocimeter is used to measure particle time-offlight between axial locations in the system's target chamber, providing a consistent, distance-averaged measurement of particle velocities. Particle velocities are measured for a range of system pressure ratios and driver gases. Variation in particle velocities is seen to be similar to theoretical variation in contact surface velocities. Analytical theory is used to predict small gas-particle velocity lag. Particle velocities with helium as a driver gas are shown to be considerably higher than those with air. High speed video recording of chalk particles exiting the nozzle is used to visualise the spatial and temporal variation in particle spread as a function of nozzle pressure ratio. This technique demonstrates that particle spread increases with increasing nozzle pressure ratio, as gas dynamics theory indicates. Conditions for bombardment of maize suspension cells are experimentally optimised. Significant rates of transient genetic expression are achieved with both air and helium as driver gases. High levels of transient genetic expression are also found with bombardment of maize coleoptiles and the leaves of various dicot species. Transformation efficiencies for bombardment of HL60 human leukaemia cells show dramatic increases over efficiencies seen with conventional techniques not involving cell bombardment. For other cell types the gas propulsion device described here appears to give rates of transient genetic expression similar to those reported for commercial systems using microprojectiles. Other data for the performance of such systems are too limited at present to allow comparisons of controllability and reproducibility of bombardment efficiency.

The problem of this study was to compare the number of trials required for obese and normal subjects to master the first new concept in a set of cards and the degree of negative transfer exhibited by the two groups on a second new concept in that same set once the first concept had been acquired.