The establishment of each tax has its own time background. Because of the changes of economy and society, the government has had to amend relate taxes to match up the needs of economic development and social environment. Land Value Tax is the foundation stone of local taxes and levies and has been amended many times since it was put into practice in 1956. Therefore, for the best stage-choice from the perspectives of entire national economic development and public strategy, the government should reappraise and revise the law. This research mainly discussed about the impact and affection of imposing tax mechanism of Land Value Tax, thus alter the present system of Land Value Tax in the perspectives of main body of tax, the range of taxation and imposed measure. In order to discover the development status and taxation, problem of present system of Land Value Tax, we further apply the Delphi Technique to interview experts and questionnaire on the practical situation and property of present system of Land Value Tax, and then on the varies controversies, which are the abeyance of derivational taxation right, the range of taxation and imposed measure. Moreover, these controversies have caused many tax management problems. As a result, this research integrates the specialist¡¦s opinions from industry, authority and academia, it also provides feasible and effective concrete suggests to let the financial and tax authority to plan the direction of Land Value Tax policy, and finally construct the strategy of tax management. The results are as follows: 1. The main body of tax aspect a. adjust the strategy of announcement of land value and combine into one b. adjust flexibly ¡¨the strategy of redefining land value in term¡¨ c. continue and support free land tax for agriculture land d. enhance the investigation of urban opening space and implement practically the opening space tax 2. The area of taxation aspect a. Review all kinds of reward reduction b. Review the reduction measures of public or private lands c. Support vacant agriculture lands in urban paying the vacant lot taxation d. Maintain the favored tax rate for building of Self-use residence 3. The tax of assessable strategy aspect A.. the measures of land value tax assessable a. In order to fit with the current, the measures of Declaration of the Value of the Land and The Original Decreed value should be abolished. Right now, the assessable of land value tax should be depend on assessable land value b. The adjustment of assessed land value should be followed by the price index, in order to avoid the unreal control c. The standard of land value commissioners should be more impersonal d. To established the evaluator system, via evaluators to evaluate different kinds of land price to achieve the equitableness principle B.. imposed measures and pay tax services a. create a system for government to provide the data and information of taxation, to share the resource and to apply b. data collection of taxation of Land Value Tax and creation of a examining data system c. suggest many kinds of Tax paying convenience d. actively cultivate professional of check, create a check manual to improve the check ability e. reinforce the promotion of Land Value Tax and open a short-term class to train officer

The desire of virtually all taxpayers today is to find some means of minimizing their taxes. The search for tax shelters by taxpayers is relentless. Tax considerations are hallmarks of scheme of arrangements and compromise carried out in terms of s3 11 of the Companies Act. The scheme of arrangements gained popularity during the sanctions era as a tax saving device. Broadly speaking, s311 schemes have been employed as a relatively inexpensive method of acquiring financially distressed company being wound up with one of the most alluring commodities from tax point of view - a large balance of assessed loss to generate tax-sheltered income. The retention of assessed loss is paramount concern of proposers of s 311 scheme of arrangements and compromise with creditors. It is, therefore, a matter of considerable import that an insolvent company's assessed loss remain largely intact. And when it comes to structuring an arrangement or compromise, the choice of scheme is even more crucial especially if the objective is the set-off of assessed loss against current income. The assessed loss has been described as the leit motif behind the beneficial use of statutory corporate re-organization facilitated by s 3 11 of the Companies Act. To the extent that schemes of arrangements and compromise are used to obtain substantial tax savings, the taxpayers make very considerable inroads into the fiscus. As soon as one starts to engage in s3 l l schemes of arrangements and compromise, one is liable to draw bit of attention to trafficking in assessed losses of companies and to provoke the Commissioner of Inland Revenue into a counter-attack. The opportunity to get assessed loss set-off against income is governed by two complimentary provisions, namely, sections 20 and 103(2). Section 20(1) results in a forfeiture or sterilization of assessed where there was mercantile abstinence on the part of the company. While section 20(1)(a)(ii) provides that the balance of assessed loss shall be reduced by the amount or value of any benefit received by or accruing to a person resulting from a concession granted by or compromise made with his creditors whereby his liabilities to them have been extinguished, provided that such liabilities arose in the course of trade. Further disqualification is provided by s103(2) which is specifically aimed at restricting trafficking in assessed losses of companies. The tax efficacy of s311 schemes can be easily overshadowed by adverse tax treatment under aforementioned provisions.

This study examines the sectoral dynamics of co-integration between the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India China and South Africa) and developed stock markets, represented by Germany, Japan, the UK and the US, during the four phases of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), the three phases of the European Sovereign Debt Crisis (ESDC) and the UK Brexit crisis. The sample includes daily sectoral equity indices over the period January 2006 to December 2017. The study applies the ADCC GJRGARCH model to estimate the time-varying correlations across the nine countries within each sector and across sectors within each country, and assesses the conditional correlation dynamics during each of the phases of the three crisis periods. The results support the existence of financial co-integration across sectors and among all the nine countries during the GFC and ESDC. Only developed countries exhibit co-integration during the UK Brexit crisis. While some sectors were less affected during some of the crisis periods, on average, financials were the most affected during the GFC, ESDC and UK Brexit crisis. Further analysis on a crisis phase level reveals that most country pairs and sector pairs exhibit significant increases in conditional correlations in phase two of the GFC and ESDC, limiting the effectiveness of international diversification during this period. The results provide useful insights for policy makers and investors.

Includes bibliographical references. / 'The avoidance of tax may be lawful, but it is not yet a virtue' – Lord Denning¹. The famous English judge, Lord Denning, explained that the avoidance of tax may be legal, but it is not necessarily ethical. By said words, Justice Denning implied that, when a taxpayer avoids paying taxes through legal tax planning, he may, despite the ostensible legality thereof, nevertheless harm society. Assuming that such action does, indeed, involve an immoral act, should the legislature intervene?

Bibliography: pages 277-294. / The objective of this thesis is the provision of explanations for the changes in the South African tax structure between 1946 and 1985. The method of enquiry comprises an evaluation of three theoretical perspectives evident in the literature, referred to throughout as the economic development, public choice and marxist approaches. The central conclusion to emerge from this study is that whilst each of these perspectives individually provides valuable insights, by far the most structured explanation relies on an eclectic exposition which incorporates the relevant contributions of all three approaches.

Historically, the evolution of NPLs across different regions has been relatively heterogenous, in part due to unique structural differences that comprise different banking sectors and the varying impact that certain macroeconomic conditions have on different countries' banking systems. This study empirically investigates the leading determinants of credit risk in the African context by employing the ARDL approach to cointegration on eight African countries: Egypt and Morocco (North African countries), Botswana and South Africa (Southern African countries), Kenya and Mauritius (East African countries), and Ghana and Nigeria (West African countries). Due to data availability and reliability concerns quarterly data is used in Egypt (Q1 2009 – Q4 2020), Morocco (Q1 2005 – Q4 2020), Botswana (Q1 2007 – Q4 2020), Kenya (Q1 2009 – Q4 2020), Mauritius (Q1 2009 – Q4 2020), Ghana (Q1 2008 – Q4 2020), and Nigeria (Q1 2010 – Q4 2020). Monthly data is used in South Africa (December 2012 – December 2020). The study aims to examine how certain macroeconomic and banking industry specific factors uniquely impact the accumulation of NPLs across different African regions. In addition, an external variable accounting for the implementation of IFRS 9 is introduced as a dummy variable. The findings indicate that macroeconomic factors are critical determinants of NPLs in the case of North African countries in both the long-run and short-run. As for the Southern African countries, NPL fluctuations are highly sensitive to banking industry-specific factors rather than macroeconomic factors. This indicates that NPLs in the Southern African banking systems are less vulnerable to adverse macro-financial shocks but rather more exposed to problems originating from the banking sector itself. In the case of the East and West African banking systems, NPLs are driven by banking industry-specific factors in the short-run but not in the long-run. Lastly, the findings indicate that the implementation of IFRS 9 has a decreasing effect on NPLs in both the short run and long run in the case of Egypt, South Africa, and Mauritius. As for Kenya, IFRS 9 seems only a critical determinant of NPLs in the long-run but not the short-run. Drawing on these results, this study recommends the promotion of a positive environment for economic growth in the case of North African countries, and the strengthening of banks' balance sheets in the case of the South, East, and West African countries.

LL.M. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Thesis (LL.M.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Law, 1970.

Thesis (M.Com.(Taxation))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Abstract in Afrikaans. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1992.