Public sector corruption is endemic in many economies and is frequently cited as a cause of poor economic performance. Corruption hinders the completion of beneficial transactions and distorts the outcomes of economic policies. It can also affect the policy choices of governments as they attempt to counteract the consequences of corruption. Excessive inflation may be a negative side effect of corruption if the government compensates for lost revenue by increasing the rate of monetary expansion to exploit seigniorage. There is convincing empirical evidence from cross-section studies that inflation and corruption are positively correlated. It has been suggested that this is a consequence of governments in corrupt economies turning to the use of seigniorage as a method of raising revenue (Al-Marhubi, 2000). This seems a likely route through which the correlation can arise, but the mechanism at work has not received any theoretical attention. In particular, there has been no demonstration that an optimizing government will rationally exploit seigniorage as a response to corruption. The contribution of this study is an analysis of this issue in theoretical models in which the growth rate of money supply is chosen by an optimizing government. Although an empirical analysis is undertaken to explore the relationship between corruption and inflation in chapter one, the main focus of the study is on chapters three, four, and five where theoretical analysis plays the principal role in the research.

Tato práce je zaměřena na zhodnocení alternativního systému zdanění na principu rovné daně. Pro svoji práci jsem zvolila podrobnější zkoumání konkrétní příjmové situace poplatníků v případě zavedení rovné daně a zhodnocení přínosů rovné daně převážně v souvislosti s příjmy. Součástí této práce jsou také příklady z několika států, kde rovná daň byla již zavedena.

This thesis seeks to contribute to the Chinese taxation literature by researching effective tax rate (ETR), marginal tax rate (MTR) and implicit tax in particular. These areas have been addressed for a number of years within the developed market context, whereas the same research for companies in developing countries is largely non-existent in Western literature. The first topic is the ETR and MTR analysis. The ETR analysis offers an overview of the actual tax burden for listed companies in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), together with the Statutory Tax Rate (STR) analysis, which incorporates the tax structure aspect of tax preferences from 1994 to 2006. In 2002, the State Council stopped unauthorised corporate tax rebate from local government and 2002 became a breaking point of the corporate tax analysis. The ETR and STR analyses reveal that companies benefitted widely from tax preferences before 2002 regardless of their industry or region. However, after 2002, the ETRs increased significantly overall and the industrial and regional ETR differences are much more significant. The tax preferential industries and regions’ companies are still in the lower ETR and STR range, but the non-tax preferential companies’ ETRs and STR increased significantly after 2002. This evidences the effectiveness of Chinese tax preference policies. The MTR estimations are the first Chinese company specific MTR estimations. The MTRs were estimated from 1995 to 2002 and the MTRs results are generally consistent with ETR results, except that the MTR estimations jointly depend on the company Net Operating Loss (NOL) occurrences, income and STR. The second topic is the determinants of ETR. An alternative view of ETR determinants is proposed. It incorporates the accounting-tax conformity theory and identifies a tax rate preference as the new ETR determinant variable to fit the Chinese taxation context. Five explanatory variables are hypothesized in associating company characteristics after controlling the company location, industry and sample period dummy variables. These explanatory variables are tax rate preference, non-operating expenses, investment gain, provision for impairment and government ownership. The ETR determinants model is also examined by OLS regression (cross-sectional), and fixed-effects and random effects regression (panel data analysis). The results show that all of the explanatory variables are statistically significant coefficients with expected signs. The results also demonstrate that the proposed ETR determinant model is superior to previous determinant models. The third topic is implicit tax research. The results are evidence of the existence of implicit tax at the corporate level. The relationships between the company Pre-tax Return of Equity (PTROE) and tax preference variables and other control variables are also examined. The results demonstrate that there is a negative relationship between PTROE and tax rate preference when considering the companies aggregately in a large scale; and there is a positive relationship between PTROE and income related tax preference when considering the companies individually. The contradictory results indicate that in reality, the imperfect market conditions impede the realisation of implicit tax at the individual company level.

The Executive Yuan checked through ' land tax law 34th revised the draft ' on August 29 , the 96th year of the Republic of China, basis should revise the draft, to already suitable ' once-in-a-lifetime ' private residence land used for preferential land owner of tax rate, selling the land used for private residence again, and the person who accords with relevant regulation terms, can be once again suitable and private land used for preferential 10% of the lessons of tax rate of residence seek the land value increment tax. What influence will be there to fiscal revenues , society's fair , the economic efficiency and the tax administration this research is implementation probing into this policy through the questionnaire way? This research real example result is done into the following conclusion, first: Keep current " once-in-a-lifetime " private residence preferential tax rate and " purchase the refund of tax outside again ", revise and enlarge the preferential measure of relaxing " not restricting once-in-a-lifetime ", hide the considering of loss of tax revenues after implementing. Second: Relax personal preferential measure that house " not restricting once-in-a-lifetime ", must stipulate the condition " in 5 years before selling " among them, do not have for using or hiring out", will cause the persons who will use by oneself with for opening or tax among the lessor to donate and bear unfairly, and apt to give birth to and seek and receive both sides to dispute , increase the puzzlement of administrative litigation in vain. Third: Relax the preferential measure " not restricting once-in-a-lifetime " in the private residence , will be counted more largly and relatively have the ability to change the room because of the house level ground which the high income person has, it is relatively large and can be lightenned the tax interests of donating the burden. The house level ground that the low income person has is counted smaller and relatively has no ability to change the room, and get the unfairness phenomenon with less interests of lightenning taxes and donating the burden. Fourth: Relax the preferential measure " not restricting once-in-a-lifetime " in the private residence , will improve general people and change the will which will purchase the new room. The fifth: Relax the preferential measure " not restricting once-in-a-lifetime " in the private residence, equate government's tax subsidy to the person who sells private residence, will cause the improper disposition of resources , produce meaningless losses of the society.

The collection of taxes is something that affects almost every entity in society and often stir up heated feelings. Recent legislative changes have been made in Sweden to adjust to regulations in the European Union. These changes included the abolishment of mandatory auditing for small companies in 2011, leading to heavy debate regarding its effect on tax reduction. Has tax reduction increased when smaller companies are no longer under as heavy surveillance as in the past or is the effect negligible? This is the question that this thesis is trying to answer, namely: is there a connection between being audited and the level of tax reduction, measured as the effective tax rate, in which small Swedish companies partake in? Most of the previous research in the field is sparse when it comes to the effect this might have in the specific conditions of the Swedish market. These studies have mainly been conducted in an American setting and focuses either on large corporations and their reduction of tax liability or attempt to connect the characteristics of auditors with tax evasion. Some studies have been made in Sweden, dealing briefly with the matter but these studies have bypassed the connection between being audited and the level of tax reduction. With tax authorities trying to find new methods to refine their profiling of companies which reduce their tax liability, the thesis fits in well as an addition to both theory and practice. We have tested this connection by conducting a semi-quasi ex post facto experiment using a dataset containing annual reports from all small companies in the restaurant industry which is seen as the industry in which companies are most prone to tax reduction according to Swedish authorities (Skatteverket, 2014, p. 60-61). The dataset has then been altered in accordance with the studies by (Guenther 2014; Bianchi et al. 2014; Dalbor et al. 2004) which included winsorizing, cropping and removal of missing data. The studies of (Bianchi et al. 2014) and (Dalbor et al. 2004) were also used to form the control variables for the study. After the dataset was deemed fit for testing, STATA was used to statistically test the data. Initial results seemed to indicate that there was a positive significant correlation between being audited and the level of tax reduction of the company. However, the results of the propensity score matching based on company size indicated that the association was heavily reliant upon company size. We thus concluded that we cannot prove a statistically significant relationship between a company being audited and its level of tax reduction in the setting of our study. The implications of this finding are several. It helps to build onto existing knowledge regarding auditing’s effect on taxes paid as well as providing the tax authorities in Sweden with an insight into what indicators to use when streamlining their operations. Furthermore, it may add new arguments to be presented in the debate that has taken place in Sweden over the recent years following the legislative changes.

Essentially, there are two competing propositions on tax base choices. The optimal tax theory on taxation asserts that the broader the tax base the better the tax. On the other hand, some public choice proponents have argued that, at the constitutional level, we should choose to restrict the power to tax and thus limit the available base. These theories assert fundamentally different views on the state and its citizens. Within the traditional optimal tax framework, governments maximize residents utility and tax base broadening lowers the tax rate, thus there is a revenue neutral response. When, however, governments do not choose to maximize residents utility, then increases in the tax base can have an impact on governments revenues and spending. In order to determine if tax bases influence government spending data on forty-eight states were compiled for the years 1977 through 1992. A state finance system of equations was developed. Using three-stage least squares estimation in a fixed effects econometric model, the relationship between the broadness of a tax base and state government spending was estimated. The state sales tax base was the tax base used to study this relationship. The results of this estimation found that states with broader sales tax bases had higher spending, all else equal. This result suggest that governments do not act as if they maximize resident utility when making tax base and rate decisions, otherwise base broadness would have no impact on spending. An additional result from this empirical analysis, is that tax base and rates are inversely related, but the relationship does not lead to revenue-neutral adjustments.

This paper investigates the determinants of intra-year error in annual effective tax rate estimates, relative to the actual annual effective tax rate (“ETR Miss”) and examines whether ETR Miss contains value relevant information. I find that ETR Miss is affected by both unbiased estimation errors related to the predictability of business fundamentals and biased estimation related to varying managerial incentives within the year. Firms with higher ETR Miss exhibit less persistent pre-tax earnings and earnings components, consistent with ETR Miss containing information on earnings quality. Finally, for firms with higher ETR Miss, investors place a lower weight on accounting earnings, consistent with the market incorporating information in ETR Miss for valuation assessments.

Thesis on the topic the Comparison of the Excise Taxes in the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic Tax Systém is divided into two parts. Theoretical part discusses the legislative regulation of excise duty on alcohol in these same countries. But it also outlined the EU legislation, from which the national legal standards are based. In the practical part is an analysis of excise duties, focusing on the impact on the economy and the state budget. The thesis is concluded with proposals for legislative action.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Programa Multi-institucional e Inter-Regional de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Contábeis, 2015. / Submitted by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2015-11-06T17:53:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_VitóriaEstanislaudeAguiarFernandes.pdf: 1349020 bytes, checksum: 769634d74d5f600f75cb034778472191 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marília Freitas(marilia@bce.unb.br) on 2015-12-20T15:39:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_VitóriaEstanislaudeAguiarFernandes.pdf: 1349020 bytes, checksum: 769634d74d5f600f75cb034778472191 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-20T15:39:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_VitóriaEstanislaudeAguiarFernandes.pdf: 1349020 bytes, checksum: 769634d74d5f600f75cb034778472191 (MD5) / O objetivo deste estudo é verificar se existe associação entre a elisão fiscal e a Responsabilidade Social Corporativa. Considera-se que empresas certificadas como socialmente responsáveis possuem aversão ao risco. Como as práticas tributárias de elisão fiscal representam um risco para empresa, espera-se que empresas socialmente responsáveis apresentem menores índices de elisão tributária. Para cumprir esse objetivo foi tomado como base uma amostra de 72 empresas listadas na BM&FBOVESPA que participam e não participam do Índice de Sustentabilidade Empresarial (ISE). Para tanto, foi utilizado como forma de mensuração da elisão fiscal: Effective Tax Rate (ETR). A metodologia utilizada constitui-se em um estudo empírico-analítico, com base em uma amostra onde foram coletadas informações entre os anos de 2009 a 2013. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de consultas às Demonstrações Financeiras, notas explicativas das empresas em escopo e dados contidos na Economática®. Para tratamento dos dados, além da análise descritiva, foram realizadas análise de regressão com dados em painel. Os resultados evidenciam menores índices de ETR para as empresas do grupo de controle que é composto pelas empresas não certificadas pelo ISE. Com base na análise dos dados o apresentados é possível afirmar que as empresas socialmente responsáveis, denotadas pelo ISE, possuem uma maior tendência às práticas de elisão fiscal. Como resultado, a hipótese principal do estudo – há relação das empresas brasileiras que apresentam práticas socialmente responsáveis face à questão da elisão tributária– foi aceita comprovando haver diferença significante entre as práticas de empresas certificadas e não certificadas pelo ISE. / The objective of this study is to investigate the association between tax avoidance and corporate social responsibility. It is considered that companies certified as socially responsible have risk aversion. As the tax practices of tax avoidance pose a risk to the company, it is expected that socially responsible companies have lower rates of tax avoidance. To accomplish this goal was taken on a sample of 72 companies listed on the BM & FBOVESPA participating and not participating in the Corporate Sustainability Index (ISE). Thus, it was used as a means of measuring the tax avoidance: Effective Tax Rate (ETR). The methodology used is in an empirical-analytic study, based on a sample where information was collected between the years 2009 to 2013. Data collection was conducted through consultations to the financial statements, notes to the companies in scope and data contained in Economática®. To processing of data, in addition to descriptive analysis were conducted regression analysis with panel data. The results show lower rates of ETR for companies in the control group consists of the companies not certified by ISE. Based on the analysis of the data presented it is clear that socially responsible companies, denoted by the ISE, have a greater tendency to the practices of tax avoidance. As a result, the study's hypothesis - no relationship of Brazilian companies with socially responsible practices face the issue of tax avoidance - was accepted proving there significant differences between the practices of certified companies and not certified by ISE.

This diploma thesis deals with the trends in the implicit tax rates of corporations in the Czech Republic comparing to the statutory tax rates which are stipulated in the legislation. Implicit tax rates of corporations are defined by the European Commission and measure actual tax burden of companies in particular states of European Union. Data for their measure proceed from the statistics ESA95 which enable to compare particular states of European Union. The thesis deals with the methodology of the calculation of implicit tax rate of corporation and influences with which it operates. By the method of comparison it compares these tax rates across the European Union. The significant part of the diploma thesis is devoted to the analysis of Czech legal regulations of corporate taxation between 1995 and 2009. By this analysis the causes of the differences between implicit and statutory tax rates in the years when the differences between tax rates are the most significant are determined. In the last chapter diploma thesis compares the development of differences between the tax rates in the Czech Republic in comparison with the selected states of European Union by chain and basis indexes. The aim of the diploma thesis is to analyze development of differences between implicit and statutory tax rates of corporations in the Czech Republic compared to the member states of the European Union.