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A research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Commerce in Economics in the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management At the University of the Witwatersrand September 2019 / The main objective of this study is to assess South Africa’s tax revenue performance. This is achieved by estimating tax capacity and tax effort from 1960 - 2017 and tax buoyancy from 1995 - 2017. The study is unique in that, it tracks tax capacity, tax effort and tax buoyancy at an aggregate level for a particular country. The 2SLS results indicate that GDP per capita and inflation have a strong positive and statistically significant impact on revenue mobilisation while population growth, trade openness and agriculture share in GDP have a strong negative and statistically significant impact on revenue mobilisation. Furthermore, we find that South Africa’s tax effort index varies between 0.92 which is below capacity and 1.10 which is above capacity. On average, the tax effort index is 1.00, implying that South Africa performs well above its potential tax capacity. Notwithstanding, the tax system was also found to be fairly buoyant, although there is still room for improvement. The ARDL results indicate that VAT revenues and custom duties grow at a faster pace than the growth in final household consumption and import value, respectively. Total tax revenue growth, however, still falls behind as the estimated coefficient is below unity, implying that the growth in total tax revenues does not match the growth of the economy. Given these findings, we conclude that South Africa’s tax revenue performance has been fairly satisfactory over the period 1960 – 2017, albeit there is still room for improvement. For the government to generate value from the rapidly growing population, adequate investments in human capital and entrepreneurial skill development need to be made. The focus should be on broadening the tax base than on hiking already high tax rates. / NG (2020)

The specific aim of this study is to show the significance of the natural resources of Texas and their potential possibilities as an adequate source of income for the State. Linked in with this discussion and underlying it is the thesis that adequate taxation of the natural resources will not only provide sufficient income for the State's needs but also conserve and utilize these resources.

This dissertation is comprised of three experimental studies that examine corporate tax aggressiveness through an investigation of judgment and decision making in the corporate tax environment. Studies 1 and 2 examine individual judgment involved in decision making (i.e., assessments of tax positions based upon tax scenario facts and tax authority). Study 1 examines how advice from external tax advisors and a tax advisor's association with the company's audit firm influences the aggressiveness of experienced in-house corporate tax decision makers. Study 2 examines how situational factors in the corporate tax environment interact with individual traits to affect individual-level tax aggressiveness, focusing in greater depth upon the process of individual judgment and decision making. Study 3 extends the investigation of situational factors from individual-level decision making to a group-level analysis, examining individual-level and group-level decision making in a tax setting (i.e., tax compliance decisions). Overall, results reflect the complexity of the corporate tax environment. The effects of the situational factors examined in the dissertation generally influence decision makers' own perceptions. For example, Study 1 results suggest that tax advisor identity influences how corporate tax directors weight advice only if the advice is conservative and if the tax directors agree with the advice. Additionally, in Studies 2 and 3, decision maker perceptions are found to mediate the effects of manipulated situational factors. In Study 2, regulatory focus state indirectly influences individual tax aggressiveness through the perception of the tax advisor's level of client advocacy. In Study 3 decision maker type, a situational factor, affects tax compliance decision riskiness indirectly through feelings of responsibility for the possible outcomes of the decision. Collectively these studies contribute to the nascent literature on decision making in a corporate tax environment, helping to lay the groundwork for future studies in this area.

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