Expression of the Tudor domain containing protein 6 (TDRD6), which is restricted to the male germ line, starts at day 16 of spermatogenesis, i.e. in pachytene spermatocytes. TDRD6 is a 250 kDa protein, which we recently found to be cleaved at the C-terminal end during germ cell development, resulting in a 230 kDa product. Neither is the process of cleavage itself nor are the functions of the two different forms known. The 230 kDa isoform is the most prominent form in round spermatids, where it localizes to the chromatoid body (CB), i.e. a single filamentous, perinuclear granule. One characteristic component of the CB is the RNA helicase MVH. CBs contain components of the microRNA (miRNA) pathway, including Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), as well as MIWI, MIWI2, and MILI, the mouse homologs of the Piwi proteins, which bind piRNAs and also act in transposon regulation. We showed that TDRD6 interacts with MIWI and MILI in vitro, and a direct interaction with MVH was shown before. To reveal the function of TDRD6, we generated Tdrd6-/- mice, which lack the protein. These mice are generally healthy but the males are sterile, due to the absence of mature spermatozoa. The most striking intracellular phenotype of Tdrd6-/- mice is the highly aberrant architecture of chromatoid bodies in round spermatids. Tdrd6-/- CBs appear as diffuse, disrupted, and less condensed structures. Their interior is largely missing, and only a “ghost”-like structure remains, expected to be significantly impaired in function. Other CB components like MVH, MIWI and MILI are expressed in Tdrd6-/- testes, but they cannot localize to the disrupted CBs. This suggests a role for TDRD6 in assembling the chromatoid body complex by recruiting other proteins. The CB is important for storage and translational regulation of mRNA, through interaction with miRNAs. In Tdrd6-deficient testes 10 % of all known murine miRNAs are differently expressed, whereas most of the mature miRNAs are up-regulated, indicating less turnover, and thus, accumulation of mature miRNAs. Since some precursor miRNAs are up-regulated as well, we assume, that TDRD6 affects miRNA transcription most likely by indirectly influencing transcriptional regulation of miRNA genes. In Tdrd6-/- mice an overall abnormal mRNA gene expression pattern was observed by microarray analyses. Of all mis-regulated genes 36 % are located to the centromer-proximal region of Chr 8, and 11 % are located to the distal end of Chr 1. This mis-regulation might be due to a common transcriptional regulation. The orthologous regions on the human chromosomes show altered chromosomal structures in many different carcinomas. If TDRD6 plays a role in carcinogenesis has to be investigated.

Expression of the Tudor domain containing protein 6 (TDRD6), which is restricted to the male germ line, starts at day 16 of spermatogenesis, i.e. in pachytene spermatocytes. TDRD6 is a 250 kDa protein, which we recently found to be cleaved at the C-terminal end during germ cell development, resulting in a 230 kDa product. Neither is the process of cleavage itself nor are the functions of the two different forms known. The 230 kDa isoform is the most prominent form in round spermatids, where it localizes to the chromatoid body (CB), i.e. a single filamentous, perinuclear granule. One characteristic component of the CB is the RNA helicase MVH. CBs contain components of the microRNA (miRNA) pathway, including Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), as well as MIWI, MIWI2, and MILI, the mouse homologs of the Piwi proteins, which bind piRNAs and also act in transposon regulation. We showed that TDRD6 interacts with MIWI and MILI in vitro, and a direct interaction with MVH was shown before. To reveal the function of TDRD6, we generated Tdrd6-/- mice, which lack the protein. These mice are generally healthy but the males are sterile, due to the absence of mature spermatozoa. The most striking intracellular phenotype of Tdrd6-/- mice is the highly aberrant architecture of chromatoid bodies in round spermatids. Tdrd6-/- CBs appear as diffuse, disrupted, and less condensed structures. Their interior is largely missing, and only a “ghost”-like structure remains, expected to be significantly impaired in function. Other CB components like MVH, MIWI and MILI are expressed in Tdrd6-/- testes, but they cannot localize to the disrupted CBs. This suggests a role for TDRD6 in assembling the chromatoid body complex by recruiting other proteins. The CB is important for storage and translational regulation of mRNA, through interaction with miRNAs. In Tdrd6-deficient testes 10 % of all known murine miRNAs are differently expressed, whereas most of the mature miRNAs are up-regulated, indicating less turnover, and thus, accumulation of mature miRNAs. Since some precursor miRNAs are up-regulated as well, we assume, that TDRD6 affects miRNA transcription most likely by indirectly influencing transcriptional regulation of miRNA genes. In Tdrd6-/- mice an overall abnormal mRNA gene expression pattern was observed by microarray analyses. Of all mis-regulated genes 36 % are located to the centromer-proximal region of Chr 8, and 11 % are located to the distal end of Chr 1. This mis-regulation might be due to a common transcriptional regulation. The orthologous regions on the human chromosomes show altered chromosomal structures in many different carcinomas. If TDRD6 plays a role in carcinogenesis has to be investigated.