This study analyses the technological change in the aggregate tea sector of Sri Lanka, by contributing to an understanding of total factor productivity change with assessment of the extent and nature of such changes from 1960/61 to 1994/95. The total factor productivity measures are then used to define a conceptually sound measure of the production cost of land degradation, providing insight into the scarcity of soil in the tea sector. Total factor productivity in the tea sector, increased at an estimated annual rate of 1.82 percent during the study period. This resulted from an estimated annual rate of increase of 0.01 percent in total output and a considerably larger rate of 1.81 percent annual decrease in total input. Thus, the reason for total factor productivity growth was largely due to cost savings associated with decreased use of inputs rather than increased output. Land and capital inputs showed significant negative growth trends, confirming a lack of long-term investment in the tea sector. As expected, all the partial factor productivities showed increases over the study period due to lower use of those individual inputs; the most significant changes occurring in the partial productivities of land and capital inputs. The terms of trade and the returns to costs ratio, exhibited an annual rate of decrease of around 3.7 percent and 1.9 percent, respectively. The producer terms of trade growth rate of -3.7 percent, has been brought about by an estimated annual rate of increase in prices received of 10.6 percent compared with an increase of 14.3 percent in prices paid. The Sri Lankan tea industry, once pre-eminent in the world, has been going through intermittent crises for a long time due to problems related to low productivity and the high cost of production. The management of the nationalised plantations proved inadequate to meet the task of adjusting to the new challenges of raising productivity and remaining competitive. The contribution of the tea industry to the economy declined. Among other causes, stagnating crop productivity was found to be an important factor. Land degradation in the form of soil erosion, was found to be a serious problem for the entire tea sector. Careless and ecologically unbalanced agricultural practices, have over the years, led to varying degrees of degradation of the tea soils. However, these physical measures of land degradation do not necessarily reveal an economic or social problem. In the second part of the study, an attempt is made to quantify the impact that land degradation has on tea production. Based on the theoretical relationship of the impact of technological progress and land degradation on tea production, a regression model was fitted to deconstruct the total factor productivity variable. The objective of this approach is to find an economic value for land degradation by quantifying the extent of this impact on aggregate tea production in Sri Lanka. One of the key points to come out of this estimation exercise, is the difficulty of isolating the impact of individual factors on measured total factor productivity. On the basis of available data and the chosen model, it could be concluded that the impact of technological progress has outweighed the negative effect of land degradation in the tea sector, over the study period. Considering the fact that investment in tea research is mainly on developing varieties of vegetatively propagated clonal tea, and the associated very long gestation periods involved, a much larger lag length of the order of 25-35 years is recommended for the research investment variable, to enable calculation of the marginal internal rate of return to public investment in tea. Importantly, a larger set of data will become available over the next decade or so which will enable appropriate lags to be incorporated in future research on productivity in the tea industry.

Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Society, Culture, Media & Philosophy, Dept. of Media, 2007. / Bibliography: leaves 281-305.

Sustainable development has become a popular trend in today's world with many national governments recognizing the severe environmental damages caused by inappropriate economic development. Cooperating with international organizations, national governments are working together to deal with the global environmental issues. In addition, sustainability has also been identified in the local development. Development strategies at the local level cause a significant change in the improvement of environment conservation, enhancement of life quality and emphasis on the harmony of society. To achieve local sustainability, industries in local communities will be confronted with challenges. This dissertation aims to investigate the relationship between local industry and sustainable city, using a case study of traditional tea industry in Hangzhou city. The research is carried out by surveys and interviews to tea farmers, local government officers and tea researchers. The dissertation shows that the implementation of sustainability in the tea industry at local level is active, but faces challenges of environmental degradation and fake tea. / published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

Historical evidence has shown that increases in coffee prices, though generating a short term gain in export earnings for producers, also lead to increased plantings of the coffee crop. This in turn leads to overproduction and a subsequent drop in coffee prices. The establishment of the International Coffee Agreements was meant to stabilize this fluctuating behaviour in coffee prices. / The purpose of this paper is to present an overall analysis of coffee prices in order to predict the future course of prices under two circumstances. First, when the international coffee market is governed by the mandates of the International Coffee Agreements and secondly, when the market operates under free market conditions. The paper also attempts to draw parallels between the structure and mechanisms of the markets of coffee and tea. The first part of this paper provides a background study of the markets of coffee and tea including a discussion of the commodity cartels which have been signed to date in both markets. Part two provides a historical analysis of prices in both markets, followed by an econometric analysis of the demand for coffee in the largest consuming country in the world, the United States.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 2009. / "Graduate Program in Anthropology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 261-272).

Thesis (M.Sc. (Horticulture)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / Most rural communities harvest different plant parts of Jatropha zeyheri for nutritional and medicinal purposes. However, the decision of choosing to harvest the plant part with desired chemical components is essential for quality purposes. Nevertheless, there is a lack of information regarding the distribution of chemical composition in different plant parts of J. zeyheri tea. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to: (1) investigate the effect of different plant parts (stems, roots and leaves) of J. zeyheri on mineral composition and, (2) determine the effect of different plant parts (stems, roots and leaves) of J. zeyheri on phytochemicals and antioxidant activity. A study was conducted with three treatments, namely stems, roots and leaves arranged in a randomised complete block design (RCBD), with 10 replications. Plant materials were collected in the wild from mature plants between June-July 2018. Leaves and stems were manually separated, while roots were cut into smaller pieces, dried at 60°C for 48 hours in an air-forced oven and later finely ground using an electric grinder. Mineral elements were determined using Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission (ICPE-9000 Shimadzu, Japan). Phytochemical tests were performed to detect the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and saponins, whereas 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant qualitative test was performed using TLC plates. Antioxidant activity and phytochemicals constituents were quantified using UV/Visible spectrophotometer. Results of this study demonstrated that plant parts had a highly significant effect on essential mineral elements, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P) and nickel (Ni) contributing 82, 75, 97, 88, 86, 96, 79 and 82% to total treatment variation (TTV), respectively, whereas, calcium (Ca) had a significant effect contributing 69%, while no significant effect on sulphur (S) was observed. Among the tested essential mineral elements, Ca, Zn, Cu and Ni were consistently the highest in the leaf, followed by stem whereas, the root had the lowest contents. Manganese and Mg were consistently the highest in the stem, followed by leaf whereas, the root had the lowest content. Iron was highest in the leaf followed by root and was lowest in the stem. Also, the stem had the highest content of K whereas, the leaf and the root had moderately lower content, and P was high in the leaf, whereas, stem and root had lower content. Similarly, plant parts had a highly significant effect on non-essential mineral elements, aluminium (Al), sodium (Na), cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) contributing 85, 72, 84 and 81% in TTV, respectively, whereas, not significant on silicon (Si). Among the tested non-essential mineral elements, the leaf had the highest content of Al, Na, Cr, and Co followed by the stem, whereas, the root had the lowest. The screening of phytochemicals showed that flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and saponins were present within different plant parts of J. zeyheri. The results from DPPH qualitative assay of J. zeyheri plant parts showed more yellow spots in leaf and root whereas, there was lesser amount in stem indicating that the plant exhibited antioxidant activity. Plant parts had highly significant effect on total flavonoids contributing 72% in TTV, however, had a significant effect on tannins and antioxidant activity contributing 56 and 79% in TTV, respectively. In contrast, plant parts were not significant on total phenols. The leaf had the lowest of total flavonoids content, whereas root and stem reported the higher contents and root had a lower content of tannins and antioxidant activity, whereas stem and leaf reported higher contents. In conclusion, the majority of chemical properties were recorded in leaves followed by stems and lastly in the roots. The result of this study suggested that J. zeyheri tea beverage can be brewed from leaves predominantly followed by stems or alternatively they can be combined. / National Research Foundation (NRF) and Limpopo Agro-Food Technology Station (LATS)

No description available.

The problem discusses the influence that tea trade between England and China may have had on eighteenth-century English garden architecture and aesthetics. Five chapters include an historical overview of non-Oriental influences on the garden, the relationship between Britain and China, the evolution of the tea trade, the motifs and decoration of tea wares, and a summary with conclusions. Conclusions reached were that tea was responsible for importation of porcelains in Britain, architectural structures in the garden were inspired by scenes on tea wares, predilection for Chinese motifs in the minds of the English may have resulted from their drinking tea, and it seems probable that affected garden aesthetics but there is no conclusive evidence.

M. Tech. Chemical Engineering. / Discusses the general objective of this research is to study the application of a combined advanced oxidation and adsorption process, with a view to developing a novel technique for the treatment of tea industry effluents prior to discharge into receiving water bodies. The specific objectives of the research are: a) To tailor natural zeolite physico-chemical properties in attempt to enhance its adsorptive performance ; b) To evaluate the decolourization efficiency of functionalized zeolite in tea industry effluent treatment. c) To evaluate the effect of the following operational parameters: pH, initial concentration,temperature and the sorbent mass, on the removal of colour in tea industry effluent. d) To apply adsorption and advanced oxidation independently and to combine the two into one process.

Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Society, Culture, Media & Philosophy, Dept. of Media, 2007. / Bibliography: leaves 281-305. / Introduction -- Advertising, branding & consumerism: a literature survey -- Methodology: from Barthes to Bushells -- A taste for tea: how tea travelled to and through Australian culture -- Class in a tea cup -- A tale of two brands -- Thrift, sacrifice and the happy housewife -- 'He likes coffee SHE likes tea' -- 'Is it as good?': Bushells beyond Australia -- 'The one thing we all agree on' -- Conclusion. / Since its introduction in 1883, the Bushells brand of tea has become increasingly identified with Australia's national identity. Like Arnott's, QANTAS and Vegemite, Bushells has become a part of the nation's cultural vocabulary, a treasured store of memories and myths. This thesis investigates how Bushells acquired this status, and the transformation by which an otherwise everyday item evolved from the ordinary to the iconic. In short, through Bushells, I will demonstrate the cultural logic of branding. -- Bushells is ideally suited for an historical analysis of branding in Australia. Firstly, tea has been a staple of the Australian diet since the time of the First Fleet. So, it proves a fitting example of consumer processes since the early days of White settlement. From this, I will consider the rise of an environment sensitive to status, and therefore conducive to branding. In the late nineteenth century, Bushells was challenged to appeal to the burgeoning corps of middle class consumers. To this end, the brand integrated those ideals and associations that turned its tea into one that flattered a certain sensibility. Secondly, having established its affinity with a particular market group, the middle class, Bushells was well positioned to track, acknowledge and incorporate some of the most dominant trends of the twentiethcentury; specifically, the rise of a particular suburban ideal in the 1950s, and changing conceptions of gender, labour and technology. Finally, in the last two decades, Bushells has had to concede decisive shifts in fashion and taste; as Australia's population changed, so too did tea's place and prominence in the market. This thesis thus canvasses all these issues, chronologically and thematically. To do this, I will contextualise Bushells' advertisements in terms of the contemporary conditions that both informed their content, and underpinned their appeal. -- Considering the breadth and depth of this analysis, I argue that in the case of Bushells there is a cultural logic to branding. As brands strive for relevance, they become screens off which major societal processes can be identified and examined. As such, I will show that, in its address to consumers, Bushells broached some of the most significant discourses in Australia's cultural history. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / v, 305 leaves ill