The use of consultation as a means of delivering educational instruction to students with disabilities in the general physical education setting is becoming increasingly prevalent in the United States and is most frequently operationalized in a triadic model. In this model the adapted physical educator serves as the consultant, the general physical educator serves as the consultee, and the student serves as the target, or the one who receives the intervention. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to answer the following questions. What are adapted physical education specialists' perceptions about consultation as a delivery model for individuals with disabilities? How do adapted physical education specialists define an effective consultation model for adapted physical education? How do adapted physical education specialists define their role in the consultation process? Six adapted physical education specialists participated in this study. Analysis included two in-depth individual interviews, a one-day field observation with each participant, researcher notes, and a final focus group including, definition, situational context factors, effectiveness, skills, training, consultation model preferences and roles. It was apparent from these participants that consultation interactions on behalf of students with disabilities varied greatly based on the multidimensional and dynamic nature of the educational environment. Results showed that the use of consultation was more prevalent with middle and high school students. It was also found that adapted physical education (APE) consultation could be presented on a continuum from proximal to distal, dependent on the degree of interaction between the APE specialist, the general education teacher and the student. The effectiveness of consultation was dependent upon the general education teacher's attitude, the APE specialist's skills, and the degree of administrative support. Finally, five roles of the APE consultant were delineated from the participants' descriptions of their job-related interactions. These roles were; advocate, educator, courier, supporter/helper, and resource coordinator. / Graduation date: 1999

The purpose of this study was to explore some of the factors White educators need to teach Black students effectively. It examined what role the race of the teachers may play in Black students' academic success and whether White teachers are able and willing to meet the educational needs of Black students. Eight White teachers were interviewed. In this study, race is defined as a grouping of individuals who display the same phenotypic skin color by which people in the United States identify themselves and are identified by others. Today's reality is that more and more Black students are being taught by White teachers in public schools even where Black students are a majority. There are still marked disparities in the academic achievement between Black and White students. The gap between the academic achievement of White and Black students in public secondary schools is increasing. White teachers have not been properly prepared by their pre-service education programs and in-service training to teach Black students effectively. White teachers recognized that their preparation and training for teaching came out of their own cultural background for the traditional students, either White students or students who conform to mainstream Eurocentric standards, and that they are not being held responsible and accountable for the productive academic achievement of the Black students they teach. White teachers did not identify with their Black students, and they dealt with Black students from their "White privilege" perspective. This study revealed the presence of racism in the public school and that the race of the teacher did affect the achievement of Black students. It pointed out that White teachers fear the Black students they teach. White teachers need to be antiracist educators. They must understand racism and how different forms of racism affect their belief systems and their philosophies of teaching. Also they should know and understand how these forms of racism affect the academic achievement of the Black students they teach. The concept of "customer" being applied to teaching Black students might encourage White teachers to be more responsive, accountable and productive in teaching Black students. / Graduation date: 1997

The problem of the investigation was to determine the legal status of public sector school oriented professional negotiations in the fifty states of the United States. Available data dealing with the status of public sector school oriented professional negotiations between boards of education and teacher organizations proved to be disorganized in terms of providing readily available, complete, and accurate information.The attorney general of each state was contacted by letter for the purpose of completing a questionnaire. The secondary source of information was the executive secretary of each state school board association.Thirty states have statutes mandating negotiations between boards of education and teacher organization representatives. Within each state statute information was gathered concerning (1) statutory inclusion, (2) impasse procedures, (3) grievance procedures, (4) scope of negotiations, (5) employee rights, (6) employer rights, and (7) strikes and penalties.Findings included:1. Thirty state legislatures have mandated negotiations between boards of education and teacher organizations.2. All state legislatures in the Northwest area of the United States mandate professional negotiations between boards of education and teacher organizations.3. One state legislature in the Southeast area of the United States mandates professional negotiations between boards of education and teacher organizations.4. One state statute prohibits boards of education from recognizing teacher organization representatives for the purpose of collective bargaining.5. All thirty state statutes mandating collective bargaining between boards of education and teacher organizations provide teachers with exclusive representation,6. All thirty state statutes mandating collective bargaining between boards of education and teacher organizations provide as negotiable items such matters as salaries, hours, and working conditions.7. All thirty state statutes mandating collective bargaining between boards of education and teacher organizations provide for settlement of impasse by mediation, factfinding, or arbitration.Conclusions were:1. Negotiation rights for teachers have come about more slowly than for most government employees.2. Increased organized efforts to formalize the negotiation procedures have continued to be faced by boards of education in all states.3. Teacher strikes are increasing in spite of anti-strike legislation in most states.4. Statutes have given priority to teacher rights in terms of the rights of teachers and boards of education.5. The passage of legislation is no panacea for problems stemming from board of education and teacher organization relationships and legislation will not eliminate the possibility of court cases, attorneys general opinions, and teacher strikes.Recommendations are:1. Periodic studies should be undertaken in order to update professional negotiation procedures.2. Specific statutory provisions should be studied in depth to determine if such provisions are fulfilling the needs of both parties.3. Attention should be given to professional negotiations within states to determine how legislation is being implemented and how the legal status is developing in states where no guidelines are provided.4. Further study should take place to determine the impact of statutory enactments on both parties.

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The organization of this dissertation is a topical one, thereby permitting the reader to locate the information relevant to a specific academic bargaining issue in a single chapter. Chapters one and two contain respectively an introduction to problem and a review of the literature of academic collective bargaining. Chapters three through seven deal separately and sequentially with the following topics: jurisdiction, bargaining unit scope, bargaining unit determinations, ancillary support personnel and unfair labor practices. Each of these chapters begins "with a short introduction to the subject area followed by descriptive briefs of the related, landmark cases heard by the National Labor Relations Board. Following the briefs, there is an analysis that examines the ramifications of each specific case and attempts to relate the cases to each other and detail the parallels and paradoxes between them. / Ph. D.