A DissertaÃÃo avalia os efeitos da atividade pesqueira associativa em tanques redes em comunidades selecionadas e localizadas no municÃpio de Jaguaribara, no AÃude CastanhÃo e a sua capacidade em promover desenvolvimento sustentÃvel para as comunidades envolvidas na atividade no aÃude CastanhÃo. Para alcanÃar os objetivos desse trabalho, foi feito um estudo de caso sobre os projetos de piscicultura em tanques-rede do AÃude CastanhÃo - CE, tendo por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da atividade aquÃcola e sua capacidade em promover desenvolvimento sustentÃvel para as comunidades envolvidas na produÃÃo. Daà a importÃncia das pesquisas em mecanismos que resultem em um equilÃbrio entre aspectos econÃmicos, sociais e ambientais. A pesquisa utiliza dados primÃrios coletados junto aos piscicultores da comunidade. Estimam-se indicadores de bem-estar econÃmico e social bem como de privaÃÃes das famÃlias envolvidas nas atividades, buscando entender se o padrÃo atual de vida difere daquele que prevalece no municÃpio de Jaguaribara, onde està inserido. O estudo determina a alocaÃÃo econÃmica dos recursos e avalia a conveniÃncia econÃmica da produÃÃo escalonada por trimestre bem como avaliar se à viÃvel, de um ponto de vista econÃmico a retirada das vÃsceras para serem vendidas separadamente. Este Ãltimo elemento tem impacto importante de um ponto de vista ambiental, tendo em vistas que de outra forma esse material altamente poluente, se depositado em lixÃes ou em qualquer outro espaÃo, contaminaria tanto eventuais mananciais aquÃferos de superfÃcie como de subsolo. Para estudar a otimizaÃÃo da produÃÃo escalonada, minimiza-se a funÃÃo de custo de produÃÃo, conhecendo-se os custos unitÃrios trimestrais. Os preÃos de venda do pescado coletado foram levantados junto aos entrevistados. Assim geram-se restriÃÃes de receita mÃnima que, no trabalho foi estabelecida como ao menos um salÃrio mÃnimo por trimestre. Para o caso das vÃsceras estabeleceu-se valores equivalentes a 10% do peso vivo do animal como valor de venda. Os custos obtidos sÃo aqueles associados à utilizaÃÃo da mÃo de obra no trabalho de retirada das vÃsceras. Os resultados mostraram que os criadores de peixes envolvidos na pesquisa tÃm padrÃo de vida bem melhores do que aqueles observados no municÃpio de Jaguaribara em 2010. A pesquisa tambÃm sugere que os custos mÃnimos de produÃÃo acontecem quando a produÃÃo se distribui nos quatro trimestres estudados, mas com maior concentraÃÃo no terceiro. No que se refere à retirada das vÃsceras para venda em separado, os resultados econÃmicos foram satisfatÃrios e mostraram que a maior concentraÃÃo de produÃÃo desses resÃduos, objetivando minimizar custos, deve acontecer no segundo trimestre. A pesquisa conclui que o projeto tem viabilidade econÃmica, proporciona melhores padrÃes de vida para os envolvidos, e tem forte externalidade ambiental positiva, na medida em que utiliza as vÃsceras para produzir biodiesel, que poupa petrÃleo, e nÃo contamina o ambiente. / This thesis evaluates the effects of associative pens aquaculture activities in selected communities located in the municipality of Jaguaribara, into the CastanhÃo reservoir, and its capacity into promoting sustainable development for the involved communities into the CastanhÃo. To reach the objectives of this work, a case study was conducted upon pens aquaculture projects into the CastanhÃo reservoir, aiming at evaluating the effects of aquiculture activity and its capacity to promote sustainable development for the communities involved into the production. Hence the importance of researches based on mechanisms that result in a balance between economic, social and environmental aspects. The study uses primary data collected with the communitiesâ fishermen. We estimate economic and social well-being and also deprivation indicators of the families involved into the activities, seeking to understand if the current living pattern is different from the dominant pattern of the municipality of Jaguaribara. The study determinates the economic allocation of resources and evaluates the economic convenience of trimestral scaled production as well as if it is viable, on an economic point of view, to separate and sell viscus. This last subject has an important environmental impact, as it is highly pollutant, and is disposed inappropriately, it would contaminate either superficial reservoirs or underground aquifers. To study the scaled production optimization, we will minimize the production cost function, as we know the trimestral unitary costs. Selling prices of collected fishes were registered through interviews. This way, we generated minimum income restrictions, which was established in this study as at least one minimum wage by trimester. As for the viscus, we established a value equivalent to 10% of the living fish weight as a selling value. Costs considered are those regarding manpower need for viscus extraction. Results show that fishermen involved in this study have a much better standard of living than those observed in the municipality of Jaguaribara in 2010. The study also suggests that minimum production costs occur when production is distributed within the four analyzed trimesters, but with a higher concentration during the third trimester. Regarding the viscus extraction for separate sell, economic results were satisfactory and showed that a higher concentration of production, seeking minimizing costs, should occur during the second trimester. This study concludes that the project is economically viable, offers better living standards for the involved and has a strong environmental positive externality, as it uses viscus to produce biodiesel, saving oil and not contaminating the environment.

<p>It is a well-known fact that there are significant differences in production output and business results of farms operating under rather similar natural and socio-economic conditions. Such differences can be attributed to biological factors, specialization level and production intensity, size of farms, implemented production practice, but also to the differences in capabilities of farmers, that is, their managerial capacities.<br />The starting point in selection of subjects for the research was significance of managerial capacities and the fact that not enough attention is dedicated to them, as well as the necessity of urgent improvement of competitiveness in production of poultry meat in our country. Therefore, the subject of the research in this doctoral dissertation is managerial capacities of broiler producers in Vojvodina. When analysing managerial capacities of broiler producers, not only were personal aspects taken into account (gender, age, education level, previous experience, etc.), but the subject of consideration includes characteristics of decision making process (planning, implementation and control) as well. The main objective of the study is to point out to the significance of managerial capacities, possibilities and methods implemented in their assessment, and to establish the reason why some of the broiler producers in Vojvodina, operating under rather similar conditions, are more efficient as compared to other farmers. In order to analyse managerial capacities of broiler producers and to judge whether and to what extent do they influence the production output (technical and economic efficiency), 30 broiler farms of different production capacities, all at the territory of AP Vojvodina, were comprised in the analysis.<br />One of the starting hypotheses in this study considers significant differences in technical and economic efficiency between the selected broiler farms. Technical and economy efficiency indexes, obtained by implemented DEA method, indicate that such hypothesis was justified. The obtained TE indexes point out that broiler producers in Vojvodina are relatively technically efficient (six out of thirty producers achieved maximum level of TE). However, the number of farms that achieved maximum level of EE is much lower (only one out of thirty farms achieves maximum level of EE), which indicates the market difficulties that producers are coping with, but also proves that it is possible to operate better under the existing conditions which are assumed to be the same for all. The number of economically inefficient farms could be reduced through decrease of production costs (primarily reduction of feed costs, increase of operation productivity, reduction of energy costs, etc.), which certainly requires, as one of preconditions, the adequate managerial capacities of producers.<br />The assumption that certain aspects of managerial capacities, such as personal aspects and decision making process, influence TE and EE has been confirmed with the results of Tobit regression. Statistically significant influence of achieved TE and EE is confirmed in 9 out of 82 variables included in the models. This certainly does not mean<br />VIII<br />that other aspects of managerial capacities are not significant, but that under current conditions, relatively small number of variables determines the number of farms that will manage to achieve or at least to nearly achieve &ldquo;the best possible practice&rdquo;.<br />Statistically significant influence was also proven in certain personal aspects of producers, as well as in some aspects of decision making process. Therefore, it is necessary to explain to producers and advisors the significance of the aforesaid aspects and to work on their improvement. The only aspect proven as significant both for TE and EE is the experience of farmers, which only explains the poor working environment that our producers operate in. The conclusion which can be derived from the aforesaid is that the most significant and irreplaceable managerial capacity of broiler producers is their experience. Such experience mainly refers to business relations and acquaintances obtained from long-lasting engagement in broiler production, but also to their ability to find their way and achieve success in conditions of the black economy.<br />The fact that there is no statistical significance in terms of influence of certain aspects of managerial capacities on TE and EE, actually points out to underdevelopment of the required managerial capacities of broiler producers. Therefore, the improvement of managerial abilities must be set as the permanent task, so competitiveness of poultry meat sector could be increased. To this effect, it is necessary to provide constant education through trainings and seminars, as well as regular cooperation with advisory service (particularly in terms of significance of keeping records, planning and control of the achieved results), but also through exchange of experience and cooperation with other producers.</p>

A disponibilidade da água fornecida para a agricultura reduz-se por efeitos das mudanças dos ciclos hidrológicos e pelo crescimento populacional, portanto, põem-se em risco a sustentabilidade dos sistemas de irrigação comunitários. Em vista de isso, os usuários da irrigação estabelecem estratégias que permitam sobrelevar as novas realidades. Sem embargo, as políticas e a análise da gestão e manejo da irrigação são feitas a partir da hidrologia, a hidráulica, sociologia e economia de forma separada, em esse sentido, o propósito de este trabalho foi estudar as inter-relações sociais, ambientais, econômicas e culturais que ocorrem nos sistemas de irrigação comunitários e como o enfoque da gestão comunitária da água estabelecida na constituição e legislação do Equador no marco do Bom Viver, ajuda a sua sustentabilidade e a melhorar o uso da água na agricultura. O estudo foi realizado em 13 sistemas de irrigação comunitários da bacia do rio Pisque, localizada na serra norte do Equador. Foi usada a metodologia de dinâmica de sistemas a qual permite, avaliar sistemas complexos de forma qualitativa e quantitativa. A participação da organização comunitária foi importante e foram usadas ferramentas como: observações em campo, entrevistas, etnografia, grupos de diálogo e avaliações de vazões e volume da água utilizada na produção agrícola. Neste trabalho se encontrou que a irrigação comunitária é concebida como um sistema integral, composto pela natureza, comunidade e infraestrutura, na qual os usuários da irrigação conformam organizações com resiliência, sendo a tecnificacão da irrigação uma estratégia para reduzir as perdas da água e incrementar a produtividade agrícola. Os indicadores, eficiência técnica e produtividade económica da água foram avaliados, em três sistemas de produção, leite, produção de flores em ambientes protegidos e na agricultura diversificada familiar, sendo a produção de flores a mais eficiente. A tecnificacão dos sistemas de irrigação melhora a agricultura, mas também provoca mudanças nos comportamentos socioculturais, no meio ambiente e nas relações socioeconômicas no território comunitário. Portanto o modelo para a gestão e manejo sustentável dos sistemas da irrigação comunitários considera estas realidades locais e conforma-se por três subsistemas, natureza, uso do solo e a comunidade, onde em cada um destes interatuam variáveis exógenas e endógenas que intervêm na sustentabilidade dos sistemas de irrigação. Incorporar variáveis sociais inerentes à comunidade na estrutura do modelo permitiu identificar e compreender o comportamento das causalidades nas variáveis da natureza e da produtividade do uso da água e do solo, de maneira que as soluções aos problemas, sejam abordadas de forma integral tendo em conta os princípios da sustentabilidade e do Bom Viver, sendo os fundamentos do enfoque da gestão comunitária da água. / The availability of water supplied to agriculture is reduced by the effects of the changes in the hydrological cycle and population growth. This fact puts at risk the sustainability of the community irrigation systems. Therefore, irrigation users stablish strategies that allow overcome new realities. However, the policies, management and operation of irrigation are done considering the hydrology, hydraulics, sociology, and economics separately. In this sense, the purpose of this work was to study the social, environmental, economic, and cultural interrelationships that occur in the community irrigation systems. In addition, this research analyses the community\'s water management approach established in Ecuador`s Constitution of 2008 focusing in the Good Living framework, which conceptually tries to reach sustainability and improve the use of water in agriculture. The study was conducted in 13 community irrigation systems at the Pisque river basin, located in the highlands in Ecuador. The methodology consisted in the systems dynamics which allows to evaluate complex systems in a qualitative and quantitative way. The participation of the community was a key element and different tools were applied such as field observations, interviews, ethnography, focus groups, and assessments of water flow and volume used in agricultural production. This study shows that community irrigation is conceived as an integrated system composed by nature, the community, and infrastructure. Within this system, the irrigation users form resilient organizations and the modernization of irrigation is a strategy to reduce water losses and increase agricultural productivity. The indicators technical efficiency and economic productivity of water were evaluated in three production systems: milk, flower production in protected environments, and family\'s diversified agriculture. The results demonstrate that flower production is the most efficient. The technification of the irrigation systems improves agriculture but also causes changes in the socio-cultural behavior, the environment, and the socio-economic relationships within the community. Thus, the model for the operation and a sustainable management of the community irrigation systems considers these local realities, and it is formed by three subsystems: nature, land use and community. Each subsystem has exogenous and endogenous variables that intervene in the sustainability of the irrigation systems. Social variables inherent to community were incorporated in the model structure which allowed identifying and understanding the behavior of the causalities in nature and water and land productivity. Therefore, solutions to problems are addressed in an integral way considering the principles of sustainability and Good Living, as fundamentals of the community\'s water management approach.

A disponibilidade da água fornecida para a agricultura reduz-se por efeitos das mudanças dos ciclos hidrológicos e pelo crescimento populacional, portanto, põem-se em risco a sustentabilidade dos sistemas de irrigação comunitários. Em vista de isso, os usuários da irrigação estabelecem estratégias que permitam sobrelevar as novas realidades. Sem embargo, as políticas e a análise da gestão e manejo da irrigação são feitas a partir da hidrologia, a hidráulica, sociologia e economia de forma separada, em esse sentido, o propósito de este trabalho foi estudar as inter-relações sociais, ambientais, econômicas e culturais que ocorrem nos sistemas de irrigação comunitários e como o enfoque da gestão comunitária da água estabelecida na constituição e legislação do Equador no marco do Bom Viver, ajuda a sua sustentabilidade e a melhorar o uso da água na agricultura. O estudo foi realizado em 13 sistemas de irrigação comunitários da bacia do rio Pisque, localizada na serra norte do Equador. Foi usada a metodologia de dinâmica de sistemas a qual permite, avaliar sistemas complexos de forma qualitativa e quantitativa. A participação da organização comunitária foi importante e foram usadas ferramentas como: observações em campo, entrevistas, etnografia, grupos de diálogo e avaliações de vazões e volume da água utilizada na produção agrícola. Neste trabalho se encontrou que a irrigação comunitária é concebida como um sistema integral, composto pela natureza, comunidade e infraestrutura, na qual os usuários da irrigação conformam organizações com resiliência, sendo a tecnificacão da irrigação uma estratégia para reduzir as perdas da água e incrementar a produtividade agrícola. Os indicadores, eficiência técnica e produtividade económica da água foram avaliados, em três sistemas de produção, leite, produção de flores em ambientes protegidos e na agricultura diversificada familiar, sendo a produção de flores a mais eficiente. A tecnificacão dos sistemas de irrigação melhora a agricultura, mas também provoca mudanças nos comportamentos socioculturais, no meio ambiente e nas relações socioeconômicas no território comunitário. Portanto o modelo para a gestão e manejo sustentável dos sistemas da irrigação comunitários considera estas realidades locais e conforma-se por três subsistemas, natureza, uso do solo e a comunidade, onde em cada um destes interatuam variáveis exógenas e endógenas que intervêm na sustentabilidade dos sistemas de irrigação. Incorporar variáveis sociais inerentes à comunidade na estrutura do modelo permitiu identificar e compreender o comportamento das causalidades nas variáveis da natureza e da produtividade do uso da água e do solo, de maneira que as soluções aos problemas, sejam abordadas de forma integral tendo em conta os princípios da sustentabilidade e do Bom Viver, sendo os fundamentos do enfoque da gestão comunitária da água. / The availability of water supplied to agriculture is reduced by the effects of the changes in the hydrological cycle and population growth. This fact puts at risk the sustainability of the community irrigation systems. Therefore, irrigation users stablish strategies that allow overcome new realities. However, the policies, management and operation of irrigation are done considering the hydrology, hydraulics, sociology, and economics separately. In this sense, the purpose of this work was to study the social, environmental, economic, and cultural interrelationships that occur in the community irrigation systems. In addition, this research analyses the community\'s water management approach established in Ecuador`s Constitution of 2008 focusing in the Good Living framework, which conceptually tries to reach sustainability and improve the use of water in agriculture. The study was conducted in 13 community irrigation systems at the Pisque river basin, located in the highlands in Ecuador. The methodology consisted in the systems dynamics which allows to evaluate complex systems in a qualitative and quantitative way. The participation of the community was a key element and different tools were applied such as field observations, interviews, ethnography, focus groups, and assessments of water flow and volume used in agricultural production. This study shows that community irrigation is conceived as an integrated system composed by nature, the community, and infrastructure. Within this system, the irrigation users form resilient organizations and the modernization of irrigation is a strategy to reduce water losses and increase agricultural productivity. The indicators technical efficiency and economic productivity of water were evaluated in three production systems: milk, flower production in protected environments, and family\'s diversified agriculture. The results demonstrate that flower production is the most efficient. The technification of the irrigation systems improves agriculture but also causes changes in the socio-cultural behavior, the environment, and the socio-economic relationships within the community. Thus, the model for the operation and a sustainable management of the community irrigation systems considers these local realities, and it is formed by three subsystems: nature, land use and community. Each subsystem has exogenous and endogenous variables that intervene in the sustainability of the irrigation systems. Social variables inherent to community were incorporated in the model structure which allowed identifying and understanding the behavior of the causalities in nature and water and land productivity. Therefore, solutions to problems are addressed in an integral way considering the principles of sustainability and Good Living, as fundamentals of the community\'s water management approach.