Quarries are fixed locationally, whereas most seasonally abundant food resources in northern latitudes are not. Toolstone procurement must therefore be ‘factored in’ to other resource procurement strategies. As sources of useable toolstone, quarries are the logical starting point for the study of how stone tool-using societies organized their technologies in accordance with their subsistence and social needs. Yet they have often been ignored by archaeologists because of the logistical problems presented by their typically enormous and variable assemblages. Quartz differs from more common, crypto-crystalline raw materials such as chert, flint or chalcedony. It is harder, more brittle, and has different fracture properties. It is less common archaeologically than crypto-crystalline toolstone, and archaeologists tend to either avoid quartz assemblages altogether, or to automatically and uncritically analyze them in the same manner as crypto-crystalline toolstones without considering their different properties. The Grandfather Quarry (HbMd-4) offers an opportunity to address these problems at once. Using Lithic Technological Organization theory, a mass analysis (after Ahler 1989), modified and combined with an attribute analysis, demonstrates that this method is a useful tool for examining large, complex assemblages such as those found in quarry sites. While more time-consuming and labour-intensive than a standard mass analysis, the modified version allows for the collection of a large number of attribute data that lend robusticity to the results and provide academic rigour. This research also demonstrates that quartz assemblages can indeed be examined using the same methods as for other raw materials, provided the unique properties of quartz as a toolstone are considered. It is shown that although the overall quality of toolstone from this source is quite poor, the Grandfather Quarry was likely the only reliable source, or at least one of a very few reliable sources, of quartz toolstone in the Churchill River Basin. All useable toolstone was intensively exploited, but rare nodules of higher quality quartz were set aside for in situ reduction into cores, tools and bifaces. Lastly, the unexpected discovery of microblade technology at the quarry opens new avenues for future research in the northern Manitoba Boreal Forest.

Quarries are fixed locationally, whereas most seasonally abundant food resources in northern latitudes are not. Toolstone procurement must therefore be ‘factored in’ to other resource procurement strategies. As sources of useable toolstone, quarries are the logical starting point for the study of how stone tool-using societies organized their technologies in accordance with their subsistence and social needs. Yet they have often been ignored by archaeologists because of the logistical problems presented by their typically enormous and variable assemblages. Quartz differs from more common, crypto-crystalline raw materials such as chert, flint or chalcedony. It is harder, more brittle, and has different fracture properties. It is less common archaeologically than crypto-crystalline toolstone, and archaeologists tend to either avoid quartz assemblages altogether, or to automatically and uncritically analyze them in the same manner as crypto-crystalline toolstones without considering their different properties. The Grandfather Quarry (HbMd-4) offers an opportunity to address these problems at once. Using Lithic Technological Organization theory, a mass analysis (after Ahler 1989), modified and combined with an attribute analysis, demonstrates that this method is a useful tool for examining large, complex assemblages such as those found in quarry sites. While more time-consuming and labour-intensive than a standard mass analysis, the modified version allows for the collection of a large number of attribute data that lend robusticity to the results and provide academic rigour. This research also demonstrates that quartz assemblages can indeed be examined using the same methods as for other raw materials, provided the unique properties of quartz as a toolstone are considered. It is shown that although the overall quality of toolstone from this source is quite poor, the Grandfather Quarry was likely the only reliable source, or at least one of a very few reliable sources, of quartz toolstone in the Churchill River Basin. All useable toolstone was intensively exploited, but rare nodules of higher quality quartz were set aside for in situ reduction into cores, tools and bifaces. Lastly, the unexpected discovery of microblade technology at the quarry opens new avenues for future research in the northern Manitoba Boreal Forest.

This dissertation presents new data on early Paleoindian stone technologies in the Southern Plains periphery. Analyses of lithic artifact assemblages show that significant technological changes occurred between the transitions from pre-Clovis to Clovis and from Clovis to Folsom/Midland. After an initial introduction to the problems in chapter one, a detailed technological description of the pre-Clovis assemblage from the Debra L. Friedkin site, Texas is presented. Site-scale and general technological comparisons to Clovis reveal similarities and differences. I conclude that the pre-Clovis assemblage at Friedkin cannot be considered Clovis, but could represent an ancestral technological assemblage. The third chapter presents the analysis of Clovis bifaces from the Hogeye site, Texas. I identify patterns in the biface reduction process and suggest that these patterns could be use to distinguish between regional Clovis cultural signatures and the idiosyncrasies of individual Clovis flintknappers. The fourth chapter compares Clovis and Folsom/Midland technologies and site-use at a single site, the Debra L. Friedkin site, Texas. I show that while late-stage biface reduction and point production were the focus of both occupations, Folsom/Midland groups also reduced some early- or middle- stage bifacial cores. More broadly, the Friedkin site shows that Clovis and Folsom/Midland settlement along Buttermilk Creek varied. Ultimately, this dissertation provides new evidence of possible Clovis origins, documents Clovis biface reduction signatures, and identifies site-use and technological similarities and differences between Clovis and Folsom/Midland. Defining and comparing early Paleoindian adaptations and technologies is key to understanding how humans dispersed into North America and how they adapted to new and changing environments during the last Ice Age.

This dissertation presents new data on Clovis site occupation, technological organization, and settlement in the American Southeast. Evidence suggests that traditionally-accepted, western-centric models do not fully explain Clovis technological characteristics and settlement patterns in the region. My second chapter presents the results of a 40 square meter block excavation on the Topper site (SC) hillside where a buried Clovis assemblage has been recovered. I review the site geomorphology and formation processes to evaluate the context of the Clovis component, characterize the Clovis assemblage and the horizontal distribution of artifacts to understand how the Clovis occupants used this portion of the site, and compare these excavation results to the rest of the archaeological record at Topper to discuss the general nature of the Clovis occupation there. My third chapter focuses on the 174 bifaces from Topper to understand biface production. I present the process of manufacture then measure the variation in production characteristics at the site in terms of our current knowledge of Clovis biface technology. I conclude that Topper flintknappers used reduction strategies typical of Clovis-but created a biface assemblage with greater flexibility in design than documented at most other Clovis sites. Clovis groups adapted to local resource conditions and adjusted the organization of their technology accordingly. My fourth chapter analyzes southeastern Clovis point data and biface assemblages from Carson-Conn-Short (TN), Topper, and Williamson (VA) to test the technological implications of Kelly and Todd’s (1988) high-technology-forager model and Anderson’s (1990) staging-area model. Significant subregional variation exists in Clovis biface systems, such as differences in point morphology and the tempo of biface reduction. This variation suggests the subregions represent distinct populations who distinctly altered aspects of their technology but maintained fundamental elements of the Clovis tradition. Ultimately, I demonstrate there was greater variability in Clovis behavior across America. Recognizing regional variation in the archaeological record is key to understanding the complexities of Clovis origins and dispersal.

This study is a collections-based project that employs approximately 1,300 projectile points to investigate behavioral response to the Younger Dryas in north Alabama (12,900 to 11,700 BP). I apply a version of the marginal value theorem to determine how changing resource structures caused changes in projectile point technology. I argue that changes in technology during the Younger Dryas were not conditioned by access or availability of lithic raw material. Instead, variation in technology is likely a response to changes in return rates from hunting and foraging. Further, the changes in hunting return rates correlate with changes in north Alabama forest structure, which were conditioned by the Younger Dryas. To this end, I argue that the sustained impact of the Younger Dryas, and subsequent Holocene warming, had an effect on the subsistence economies of hunter-gatherers living in northern Alabama during this time, which is exhibited by changes in projectile point technology.

Au cours de la deuxième moitié du SIM3 (entre 41 et 29 ka cal AP), et pour la première fois dans l’histoire de l’humanité,les artisans préhistoriques dispersés sur l’ensemble du continent européen intègrent les matières osseuses – ivoire,os et bois de cervidé – à leurs stratégies technologiques pour la manufacture de pointes de projectile aurignaciennes. Cestechnologies comprennent deux catégories, les pointes à base fendue et celles à base massive. Malgré leur standardisationapparente, la variabilité des formes et des dimensions des armatures mérite d’être explorée afin de comprendre en quoi cesdonnées peuvent préciser nos connaissances sur l’organisation technologique de ces sociétés et sur l’histoire de la dispersiondes populations d’Homo sapiens en Europe. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, la morphométrie géométrique est adaptéeà l’étude de la culture matérielle dédiée aux activités cynégétiques; l’échantillon directement concerné par cette analyseregroupe 547 armatures mises au jour dans 49 sites répartis entre la façade atlantique et les Carpates. Cette approchepermet l’identification de huit conceptions volumétriques reproduites par les artisans aurignaciens pour la manufacturedes pointes à base fendue, et de deux pour les pointes à base massive, une d’entre elles se déclinant en six variantes. Larépartition spatiotemporelle de ces conceptions indique que les pointes de projectile aurignaciennes en matière osseusene constituent pas un proxy de la dispersion des Homo sapiens nouvellement arrivés en Europe, mais signalent plutôt lafédération de populations déjà présentes sur le continent et liées les unes aux autres par le développement de stratégies socioéconomiquesparticulières. Ainsi, l’apparition de ces technologies dans le registre archéologique est interprétée commeune solution aux contraintes imposées par une mobilité accrue des groupes; l’adoption subséquente de l’innovation surl’ensemble de l’Europe est mise en relation avec l’éruption des champs Phlégréens. Enfin, la mutation typologique observéepar le remplacement des pointes à base fendue par celles à base massive suggère des transformations profondes dans lamise en œuvre des stratégies technologiques. Les pointes à base fendue témoignent de l’adoption d’une stratégie planifiéesur le long terme tandis que les pointes à base massive se conforment aux critères attendus dans le cadre d’une stratégieexpéditive et ce, indépendamment de la conservation de patrons de mobilité similaires. / During the second half of MIS3 (ca. 41-29 kyr BP), for the first time in the history of humankind, prehistoric artisansscattered across Europe integrated a variety of osseous materials – ivory, bone, and antler – into their technologicalstrategies in order to manufacture Aurignacian projectile points. These armatures can be categorized into “split-based”and “massive-based” types. Despite their relative standardization, the observed variability of the forms and dimensions ofthese implements requires further investigation. The aim of the present study is to gain a better understanding of the technologicalorganization favoured by these prehistoric artisans, and to improve our knowledge about the dispersal of Homosapiens populations in Europe. Geometric morphometric analysis is adapted to the study of 547 Aurignacian osseousprojectile points recovered from 49 European sites located between the Atlantic and the Carpathian Mountains. This approachallowed the identification of eight volumetric templates used by Aurignacian artisans during the manufacture ofsplit-based points. Two volumetric templates were identified for massive-based points, one of which includes a numberof variants. Spatial and chronological distribution of these templates indicates that, contrary to the dominant hypothesis,Aurignacian projectile points do not represent a proxy for the dispersal of Homo sapiens into Europe. It is argued that amore parsimonious interpretation is to consider them as a signal of the development of innovative socioeconomic strategiesby groups already present on the continent and linked to one another. This innovation corresponds to an adaptivetechnological solution for prehistoric groups engaged in increased mobility. The subsequent adoption of this innovationat a continental scale can be linked to the Campanian Eruption. Finally, the change in types, i.e., the replacement of splitbasedpoints by massive-based points, suggests that an important transformation occurred in the technological strategiesimplemented by earlier and later Aurignacians even though they favoured a similar mobility pattern. Split-based pointsare likely the products of a technological strategy associated with curation of these objects, while massive-based points areconsistent with the implementation of an expedient strategy.

A região de Diamantina, em Minas Gerais, guarda um amplo acervo de grafismos rupestres e ricos conjuntos artefatuais e estruturas atribuíveis aos últimos 1.500 anos de ocupação humana. Esta pesquisa investiga os dois conjuntos de registros arqueológicos: o horizonte recente e as pinturas rupestres. Numa análise que procura congregar estudos intra e intersítios, os dois conjuntos são explorados, em busca de identificar sistemas de ocupação e construção da paisagem. Nas ocupações recentes, vêem-se coleções líticas bastante variadas, em sítios de atributos diferentes, que se pretende conectar por meio do emprego das noções de organização tecnológica e cadeia operatória. No que tange aos grafismos rupestres, esta pesquisa investe na identificação de estilos e no reconhecimento das relações cronológicas entre esses. São analisadas também as formas de interação diacrônica entre figuras e as formas de sua composição gráfica. / The region of Diamantina, in Minas Gerais, has a large rock paintings assemblage and rich artefactual assemblages, and structures from the last 1.500 years of human occupation. This research explores the both archaeological features: the occupations of the later pre-colonial period and the rock art. Trying to put together intra and inter-site studies, we intent to identify systems of landscape building. In the later human occupation, there are many lithic artifacts, in different kinds of sites, that are studied here with the use of two basic concepts: technological organization and chaine operatoir. The rock art is explored through stylistic and chronological approaches. We also explore the ways of diachronical interactions and graphic construction among the paintings.

A presente tese tem como objetivo apresentar os resultados alcançados por meio de pesquisas sistemáticas de campo, laboratório e gabinete, que interligadas coligiram dados responsáveis uma compreensão mais assertiva sobre o modo de vida e dinâmica cultural dos grupos pré-históricos que ocuparam a Área Arqueológica de Xingó durante quase oito milênios. A pesquisa baseou-se em diferentes posicionamentos teóricos, tendo como foco as indústrias líticas evidenciadas e coletadas em dezesseis sítios arqueológicos, todos da área 03 de Xingó. Essa característica foi fundamental e nos permitiram inferir com maior segurança sobre as diferentes escolhas/estratégias envolvidas para concepção e manufatura dos conjuntos artefatuais (similaridades e diferenças), porém sempre cerceando a possibilidade de compreensão de como as populações pré-históricas que ocuparam a região estabeleceram seu sistema regional de assentamentos em terraço, tendo como hipótese norteadora que todos os sítios contemporâneos estariam conectados entre si no chamado complexo situacional de sítios. Metodologicamente, nossos dados foram sistematizados por meio da análise dos atributos formais e tecnológicos das indústrias líticas e de técnicas estatístico-comparativas, de forma que nos possibilitou reconstruir, mesmo que parcialmente, as seqüências operacionais dessa cultura material, inclusive partindo do pressuposto de variabilidade isocréstica. Em relação ao referencial teórico, foram utilizados múltiplos conceitos e abordagens que convergiram para a compreensão da paisagem enquanto construção social que, dotada de valores e significados, foi ser compreendida como o loci de ocupação continuada, ou lugares persistentes. / This thesis presents the final results of a long-term study after systematic research in field, in laboratory and in office that interconnected unify data which give us an assertive understanding of the life and cultural dynamic of prehistoric societies who occupied the Archaeological Zone of Xingo during eight thousand years. The research is based in different theoretical approaches, but focusing the lithic assemblage revealed and collected in sixteen archaeological sites, all of them into the included in the Area 3 of Xingo. These different approaches were essential in this research, giving me the opportunity to infer with security the differences on the co-participating strategies related to the conception and manufacture of the artefactual assemblages (similarities and differences), hence delimitating the possibility to understand how the Xingo an prehistoric populations established their regional settlement system on the fluvial benches. I used as a guide hypothesis the fact that all contemporaneous sites were connected among them in a situational complex of sites. Methodologically, my data was systematized through of formal analysis of the morphological and technological attributes of the lithic assemblages and through statistical-comparative techniques, which helped me to reconstruct partially the operational sequences of the material culture manufacture, including the isocrestic variability. In relation to my theoretical frames, I used multiples concepts and approaches that worked together to understand the landscape while a social construction immersed in social means and values which have been understood as a loci of continuous occupation or persistent places

Esta tese discute a organização tecnológica do cuidado em saúde à luz das políticas de saúde bucal. Metodologicamente estruturou-se em um histórico das políticas de saúde bucal no Brasil desde a década de 1950 aos dias atuais, na vigência da Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal (PNSB, 2004). A abordagem das políticas procedeu-se sob teoria de M. Foucault na obra Arqueologia do Saber (1997). O estudo buscou apreender qual saber operante, (Mendes Gonçalves 1979, 1994) tem organizado a prática neste campo. Utilizou-se de revisão de documentos normativos do SUS e de publicações do período de 2000 a 2012. Procurou-se desvelar, a partir da organização tecnológica (categoria de análise) como a atual política aborda as necessidades de saúde da população e quais ferramentas/instrumentos/tecnologias são oferecidas para o cuidado em saúde bucal. O SUS busca tem buscado a mudança de modelos de atenção e de organização do trabalho que transformem a prática de assistência odontológica (ineficaz, baixa cobertura, monopolista, baixa resolubilidade, mal distribuída geográfica e socialmente), por modelos voltados à promoção da saúde. No entanto, de acordo com levantamento de artigos sobre a condução da atual PNSB no cotidiano dos serviços públicos de saúde, destacou um modus operandi ainda calcado na pragmática odontologia, plena de conflitos e contradições. A abordagem de conceitos como promoção da saúde, integralidade e cuidado em saúde trouxeram a este estudo uma luminosidade, uma clareza ao olhar a prática em saúde bucal. O histórico das Políticas em Saúde Bucal foi fundamental para compor a análise da organização tecnológica e os processos de trabalho, pois realçaram que o fio condutor das práticas tem sido realizado, de forma linear, por abordagens ainda muito centradas no conhecimento biológico do adoecimento. Para que de fato um novo modelo como propõe a PNSB transforme a prática em saúde bucal com novos arranjos tecnológicos no processo de trabalho, outras formas de vínculo e comprometimento devem ser almejadas. É necessário melhorar a formação e a prática profissional com a adição de novos saberes que, por sua vez, irão exigir novos padrões cognitivos e culturais. Há que se qualificar a escuta sobre os padecimentos do paciente, ir além do diagnóstico de sinais e sintomas, apreender as subjetividades produzidas na condição do adoecimento. Talvez estes processos consigam legitimar a saúde bucal como um dos componentes da saúde em uma expressão ampliada: a da qualidade de vida. / This thesis discusses the technological organization of health care in light of the dental health policies. Methodologically structured in a history of oral health policies in Brazil since the 1950s to today, in the presence of the National Policy Oral Health (PNSB, 2004). The approach of the policies proceeded up under the theory of M. Foucault\'s work on the Archaeology of Knowledge (1997). The study aimed to discover which operating knowledge, (Mendes Gonçalves 1979, 1994) has organized practice in this field. We used the review of regulatory documents and publications SUS from 2000 to 2012. We sought to reveal, from the technological organization (analysis category) as the current policy sees the health needs of the population and what tools / instruments / technologies are offered to oral health care. The SUS search has sought to change care models and work organizations that transform the practice of dental assisting (ineffective, low coverage, monopolistic, low resolution, poorly distributed geographically and socially), for models aimed at health promotion. However, according to a survey of articles about the conduction of current PNSB in the routine of public health services, said a modus operandi still supported in the pragmatic dentistry, full of conflicts and contradictions. The approach of concepts such as: health promotion, and integrality health care have brought a luminosity to this study, a clarity look at at the practice in oral health. The historic Policy Oral Health was fundamental to compose the analysis of technological organization and work processes, as highlighted that the guiding line of practices has been performed, linearly, by approaches still very centered on biological knowledge of the illness. For a really new model as proposed by the PNSB turn the practice of oral health with new technological arrangements in the work process, other forms of ties and compromise to be desired. It is necessary to improve training and professional practice by adding new knowledge which will require new cultural and cognitive standards. It must be qualify the listening about the sufferings of the patient, to go beyond of the diagnosis of signs and symptoms, to capture subjectivities produced in the condition of illness. Perhaps these processes are able to legitimize the oral health as a component of health in a larger expression: a quality of life.

No description available.