No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Frozen section diagnosis (FSD) is a method implemented within the field of clinical histopathology and is used primarily intraoperatively to guide the surgical team, with regard to, for example, the severity and spread of the affliction. However, medical professionals typically refrain from relying on FSD due to the poor morphological outcome when compared to paraffin sectioning. There are several contributing factors for the lesser quality of FSD sections with one being the type of tissue evaluated and a prominent example of this is lung tissue.Optimizing the quality of sections obtained from FSD could provide more accurate diagnoses for patients.This thesis aims to assess various parameters related to FSD procedures to improve the morphological outcome. Comparisons between no injection and the injection of different solutions pre-freezing were made. Additionally, two different methods that are referred to as freehand- and tape-sectioning were compared. The results of the injections indicate that using O.C.T improves both the architecture of the tissue as well as the morphology. For practical reasons, O.C.T diluted 1:1 with saline was determined to be the best alternative to use in a clinical laboratory. When comparing the different sectioning methods, the Cryo-Jane tape transfer system produced a better section quality in the cases with injected O.C.T. Freehand sectioning did produce better results regarding connective tissue as well as cytoplasm. This means that depending on what parameters are deemed most important by the pathologist both methods have their distinct advantages.

Introduction: Chronic Achilles Tendinopathy (CAT) is a common sports injury that affects a substantial portion of the population. One of the clinical treatments of CAT is ultrasound guided sclerosis (UGS), the efficacy of which is both supported and contested in a numberof previous reports.  Aim: The aim of the study was to assess current and former CAT diagnosed patients’ experiences of stiffness, pain and function of the Achilles tendon (AT) before and after UGS, in order to determine the treatment efficacy. Methods: A retrospective study based on a modified Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment – Achilles – Survey (VISA-A-S). VISA-A-S questionnaire, with 123 study participants, allof whom were treated at Uppsala University Hospital between 2016-2020 and who had experienced stiffness, pain, and dysfunction of AT before and after UGS. Statistical analysis was performed Wilcoxon Signed-Rank tests. Results: The response rate to the survey questionnaire was 62%. In total, 80% of all study participants reported that they were satisfied with the treatment. After UGS, 74% reported shorter period of morning stiffness, 85% had less pain and 84% experienced improved function, as compared to before the treatment (P<0.0001 for all). Conclusion: The results of this study were both statistically and clinically significant. Based on the results of this retrospective study, it is reasonable to conclude that UGS is an effective clinical procedure in treating CAT. This means that this study confirms conclusions of a part of previous studies on the effectiveness of the UGS treatment, which had indicated that UGS is an effective treatment of CAT.

Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are an unusual form of cancer that can occur in many different organs, commonly in the small intestinal. NET can be detected with the help of immunohistochemistry (IHC). IHC uses antibodies that bind to an antigen in the tissue. NET can be studied through this bond, which forms a colored product during an enzyme reaction, using a chromogenic or fluorescence-based method. Usually, NETs are analyzed with synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and CD56 markers. Novel studies have been conducted on insulin-associated protein 1(INSM1), a new emerging NET marker suggested to have higher specificity and sensitivity than the markers mentioned above.   The work aimed to investigate the optimal protocol for INSM1, test an appropriate control, and evaluate if the INSM1 antibody works according to the description in the scientific literature and is suitable to be introduced into the routine practice and used as a diagnostic marker at the department for pathology and cytology in Växjö.  The evaluation of INSM1 was performed on sectioned tissue samples with NET. NET staining was evaluated by dilution of the INSM1 antibody, different pretreatments and visualizing kits were used. The staining’s of INSM1 were assessed microscopically together with a pathologist.   The analysis showed that the optimal result was gained by using 1 mg/ml of the INSM1 antibody. The staining intensity was preferable using the OptiView compared to UltraView. The INSM1-antibodies showed better binding to the antigen when using the “standard” pretreatment and the color intensity was more intense compared to the “mild” pretreatment. The evaluation showed that OptiView and standard pretreatment, gave the optimal result for NET diagnostics using the INSM1 antibody. Based on the work herein, the antibody INSM1 could be introduced into the routine practice at the department of pathology and cytology in Växjö.