Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / The Order of the Sons of Temperance (1842-), an offshoot of the declining Washingtonians, was organized to free the intemperate from the slavery of King Alcohol. The Order was divided into Subordinate, Grand, and National Divisions. A pledge to total abstinence required each Son to refrain from manufacturing, purchasing, selling, or imbibing all known and potential intoxicants. Beneficial features were adopted to protect members and their families from the hardships caused by sickness, unemployment, and death. The division room of the Order provided an atmosphere of general education, social activity, and character building. Though its semi-secret character brought protests upon the Sons of Temperance, the Order survived and continues to employ the principle of semi-secrecy (1966). By the 1850's the Order had become international in scope. From the United States, the principles and pra.ctises of the Order moved into Canada. Its philosophy penetrated Great Britain, Australia, the West Indies, South Africa, New Zealand, and Liberia. In the early twentieth century, British Sons influenced the establishment of the Order in Malta, Egypt, India, and Burma. Today (1966), the National Division of North America continues to send passwords to the National Divisions of Great Britain and Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand. Becoming "champions" of social equality, the Order admitted women, Negroes, and servicemen to its ranks. Lady visitors were permitted in the Order by 1854, and by 1866 women were admitted as members. Between 1863-65, a number of Subordinate Divisions were established in both the Union and Confederate military services. Negroes were admitted to the Order (1866) on a separate but equal basis. Statutory and "constitutionaltt prohibitory schemes became the objective of many Sons during the 1850's, matters which continue (1966) to hold the interest of the Order. Neal Dow, Samuel L. Tilley, William Armstrong, and Henry Wilson labored with many other prominent Sons to establish state, provincial, and national prohibition of the "spirits" traffic throughout North America. Efforts to sustain its greatest membership, 232,233 in 1850, were adopted by the Sons of Temperance. Thereafter, youth temperance programs, such as the Cadets of Temperance, the Band of Hope, and the Loyal Crusaders, were employed by the Order. The practise of disseminating temperance principles through tracts, books, periodicals, journals, and addresses was also instituted by the Sons. Nonetheless, the fragmentation of "closed" and "open" temperance societies, the American Civil liar, the distraction of the Eighteenth Amendment, and internal problems kept the Order from maintaining its earlier membership. There are no comprehensive histories of the Sons of Temperance. John Allen Krout in Origins of Prohibition and J. C. Furnas in Life and Times of the Late Demon Rum have written general accounts of the temperance movement in the United States, particularly in regard to the nineteenth century; they have, however, merely touched upon the history of the Sons of Temperance. Nineteenth and twentieth century sources, both printed and manuscript, including all available records of the Order, have been employed in preparing this dissertation. On the basis of this material the writer has prepared a topical, but chronological, institutional history of the Sons of Temperance of North America. / 2031-01-01

There is a perception that drug use is a serious and growing problem to be solved by medicine, social work and drug enforcement agencies. This thesis takes a critical standpoint again such populist views and interprets drug use as one of any number of normal activities that people engage. This qualitative research utilising a bricoleur ethnographic methodology focuses on the drug taking of non-treatment seeking illegal drug users. The data reveals that they manage several social identities and the potential stigma of being discovered as an illicit user of illegal drugs utilising several strategies to remain intentionally unseen. The thesis explores how and in what way socially competent drug users differ from visible treatment seeking drug users. In order to develop this understanding, several gatekeepers were identified and within their social networks the participants were recruited into this research. The participants (n=24) were recruited from a wide range of age groups (21-52) and geographical locations within Scotland. One to one interviews, a focus group, and several pair bonded partners were interviewed together providing rich sources of data. Interviews were transcribed and analysed thematically from a social constructionist perspective. The findings illuminate the ways in which the intentionally unseen identify and manage risks from drugs, drugs policy and the potential shame and stigma were their hidden social worlds revealed. The practical implications of the results of this thesis are explored and recommendations for future research are discussed.