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Methods of temperature measurement by mass spectrometry have been critically reviewed. It was concluded that the most appropriate method depended critically on the availability of fundamental data, hence a database of fundamental spectroscopic constants, for diatomic ions which cause interferences in ICP-MS, was compiled. The equilibration temperature, calculated using the different methods and using various diatomic ions as the thermometric probes, was between c.a. 400 - 10,000 K in the central channel, and between c.a. 600 - 16,000 K when the plasma was moved 1.8 mm off-centre. The wide range in temperature reflected the range of temperature measurement methods and uncertainty in the fundamental data. Optical studies using a fibre optic connected to a monochromator were performed in order to investigate the presence of interferences both in the plasma and the interface region of the ICP-MS, and the influence of a shielded torch on these interferences. It was possible to determine the presence of some species in the plasma, such as the strongly bound metal oxides, however, no species other than OH were detected in the interface region of the ICP-MS. The OH rotational temperature within the interface region of the ICP-MS was calculated to be between 2,000 - 4,000 K. The effect of sampling depth, operating power, radial position and solvent loading, with and without the shielded torch, on the dissociation temperature of a variety of polyatomic interferences was investigated. These calculated temperatures were then used to elucidate the site of formation for different polyatomic interferences. Results confirmed that strongly bound ions such as MO+ were formed in the plasma, whereas weakly bound ions such as ArO+ were formed in the interface region due to gross deviation of the calculated temperatures from those expected for a system in thermal equilibrium.

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<p> A series capillary viscometer has been used to measure the viscosity of nitrogen and air over a temperature range of 100 to 400°K and to pressures of 150 atmospheres. </p> <p>The low pressure results have been correlated using a modified Sutherland equation of the form: n = C1T^C2 / T+C3 </p> <p> Intermolecular force constants have been computed for nitrogen using the Chapman Enskog collision theory approach.</p> <p> The viscosity in the dense gas region was correlated using equations of the form n-no = A1ρ + A2ρ^2 and thus overall equations for viscosity as a function of temperature and density were formulated as n = C1T^C2 / T+C3 +A1ρ + A2ρ^2 </p> <p> These equations were used to generate tables of smoothed values of viscosity as a function of pressure and temperature.</p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)

This thesis presents a review of the theory of evaporation of pure substances with respect to kinetic and mechanistic models. These concepts are applied to multi-component evaporation and a model for the evaporation of solute atoms from a solvent is postulated. The evaporation experiments were performed on Fe 1% Mn melts at a constant pressure of approximately 10 microns over a temperature range of 1320° to 1810°C. The correlation between the experimental results and the expected theoretical results is discussed thoroughly in terms of surface control and diffusion control. / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07613.pdf: 5555459 bytes, checksum: 0047c9f052248797761d648268e841ba (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP