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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Deformation and fracture of concrete under short-term tensile loading

Al-Samaraie, Nihad Hamid Muhammad January 1989 (has links)
No description available.
2

Comportement anisotrope de tubes médicaux à parois mince en alliage à mémoire de forme super-élastique de nickel-titanium / ANISOTROPIC BEHAVIOR OF THIN WALLED MEDICAL TUBES IN NICKEL-TITANIUM SUPERELASTIC SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

Nobre Dantas Grassi, Estephanie 04 October 2018 (has links)
Les tubes à paroi mince en alliage à mémoire de forme Nickel-Titane (AMF NiTi) sont largement utilisés dans la fabrication de stents auto-expansibles. Leur fonctionnement repose sur la superélasticité (SE), comme de nombreuses autres applications des AMF NiTi dans le domaine biomédical. Le SE est un phénomène cristallographique réversible qui donne aux AMF la capacité de récupérer de grandes déformations par simple déchargement mécanique. En raison de la nature cristallographique du SE, les propriétés mécaniques liées à cet effet devraient être affectées par l'anisotropie inhérente du tube, qui émerge de son processus de fabrication. Cependant, le NiTi est encore souvent considéré comme isotrope dans la conception et l'optimisation de tels dispositifs. L'une des difficultés empêchant l'utilisation de modèles anisotropes est l'absence de caractérisations mécanique de l'anisotropie du tube NiTi. Le présent travail vise à effectuer une telle caractérisation pour un tube superélastique NiTi à paroi mince. Dans une campagne expérimentale, le comportement en traction du tube est analysé à différentes orientations et températures. La technique de corrélation d'image numérique (digital image correlation - DIC) est utilisée pour surveiller la distribution des déformations pendant les essais de traction. Les résultats montrent que toutes les propriétés analysées liées à la SE sont anisotropes. Toutes les dépendances d'orientation sont presque symétriques à 45° de l'axe du tube. Certaines propriétés dépendent également de la température, dépendance qui est également anisotrope. Une approche thermodynamique basée sur l'énergie libre de Gibbs est utilisée pour analyser ces dépendances d'orientation et de température. Avec cette analyse, il a été possible de relier l'hystérésis mécanique de la SE et les contributions irréversibles présentes dans le système. Enfin, l'influence de l'anisotropie sur la distribution des déformations est vérifiée. L'accent est mis sur l'analyse du phénomène de localisation de la déformation tout au long du chargement et du déchargement. L'inclinaison de la bande de localisation est caractérisée et évaluée avec une approche de plasticité. L'angle de la bande avant observé avec DIC est prédit en utilisant des données de vitesse de déformation globale. / Thin walled tubes of Nickel-Titanium shape memory alloys (NiTi SMA) are widely used in the fabrication of self-expandable stents. The operation of stents relies on the superelastic effect (SE), as many other applications of NiTi SMA in the biomedical field. The SE is a reversible crystallographic phenomenon that gives SMA the ability to recover large strains through simple unload. Due to the crystallographic nature of the SE, the mechanical properties related to this effect are expected to be affected by the inherent anisotropy of the tube, which emerges from its fabrication process. However, NiTi is still often treated as isotropic in the design and optimization of such devices. One of the difficulties preventing the use of anisotropic models is a lack of mechanical characterizations about the NiTi tube's anisotropy. The present work aims to perform such characterization for a thin walled NiTi superelastic tube. In an experimental campaign, the tensile behaviour of the tube is analysed at different orientations and temperatures. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique is used to monitor the strain distribution during tensile tests. Results show that all the analysed properties related with SE are anisotropic. All the orientation dependencies are nearly symmetrical to 45° from the tube's axis. Some properties are also dependent on temperature, a dependence that is also anisotropic. A thermodynamic approach based on the Gibbs free energy is used to analyse these orientation and temperature dependencies. With this analysis it was possible to relate the SE stress hysteresis and thermodynamic irreversible energy contributions. Finally, the influence of anisotropy on the strain distribution of tensile samples is verified. Focus is given to the analysis of the strain localization phenomenon throughout loading and unloading. The inclination of the localization front band is characterized and evaluated with a plasticity approach. The front angle observed with DIC is predicted using global strain rate data.
3

Contribution à l'identification et la prise en compte du comportement en traction des BFUP à l'échelle de la structure / Contribution to identification of UHPFRC tensile constitutive behaviour and accounting for structural design

Baby, Florent 05 March 2012 (has links)
Les Bétons Fibrés à Ultra hautes Performances (BFUP) se caractérisent par une résistance en compression bien supérieure à celle des BTHP couverts par la normalisation, une excellente durabilité et l'emploi d'un assez fort taux de fibres métalliques modifiant le recours habituel aux armatures. Ils sont notamment marqués par une résistance à la traction élevée. Cependant, selon le pourcentage volumique et le(s) type(s) de fibres initialement prévus dans la formulation et l’orientation réelle des fibres dans la structure vis-à-vis des directions principales de traction, leur comportement en traction peut être adoucissant ou écrouissant. Ces deux comportements nécessitent une approche différente pour assurer la sécurité du dimensionnement. Dans un premier temps, des méthodes de caractérisation du comportement en traction des BFUP ont été mises au point de manière à déterminer quel comportement va se mettre en place pour un BFUP et un élément structurel donné, en s’appuyant sur l’essai de flexion quatre points réalisé sur éprouvette non-entaillée. Cet essai nécessite l’utilisation d’une analyse inverse afin d’obtenir la loi de comportement « contrainte-déformation » (dans le cas d’un BFUP écrouissant en traction directe) ou « contrainte-ouverture de fissure » (dans le cas d’un BFUP adoucissant en traction directe). La configuration de l’essai de flexion quatre points pouvant entraîner des artefacts, elle nécessite un raccordement avec l’essai de traction directe. Pour valider ce raccordement, une méthode d’essai permettant de tester des corps d’épreuve de dimensions identiques en flexion et en traction directe a été mise au point. Les résultats de l’analyse inverse des essais de flexion ont été comparés à ceux des essais de traction directe. La comparaison a notamment permis de démontrer la robustesse des méthodes d’analyse proposées en particulier vis-à-vis de la cohérence de la discrimination écrouissant/adoucissant à partir du relevé de fissures sur chaque éprouvette. Dans un second temps, des méthodes de calcul adaptées à une approche type « contrainte – ouverture de fissure » ou « contrainte – déformation » ont été testées ou développées afin de prédire la résistance ou le comportement des poutres en BFUP soumises à des sollicitations concomitantes de flexion et d’effort tranchant. Cette configuration de sollicitation fait en effet intervenir de façon critique le comportement en traction du matériau. Pour valider ces méthodes de calculs, onze poutres en BFUP armé ou précontraint, avec ou sans armatures transversales et avec ou sans fibres (métalliques ou organiques) ont été testées sous une configuration de flexion conduisant à une rupture par effort tranchant. La caractérisation simultanée du comportement mécanique des BFUP à l’échelle du matériau en prenant en compte l’orientation réelle des fibres au sein des poutres, qui constitue une originalité de ce programme, s’est avérée particulièrement importante pour constater l’interaction entre le matériau, la géométrie de la structure et le procédé de mise en œuvre du BFUP sur l’orientation des fibres. Les méthodes d’analyse des essais de flexion quatre points mises au point ont permis d’évaluer quantitativement l’influence de la structure sur les paramètres caractérisant le comportement en traction du BFUP, notamment la déformation correspondant à la localisation de la fissure et marquant la fin du comportement global « pseudo-plastique ». Les conditions de synergie d’éventuelles armatures transversales et du BFUP vis-à-vis de la résistance à l’effort tranchant, ont pu être mises en évidence. Pour étendre l’analyse, la capacité de l’approche en « contrainte – ouverture de fissure » à prédire la résistance de poutres soumises à des sollicitations concomitantes de flexion et d’effort tranchant a été testée. L’approche en « contrainte – déformation » a également été appliquée, contribuant au développement et à la validation de méthodes élastoplastiques adaptées aux BFUP / Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) are characterized by a compressive strength much higher than Very High Performance Concrete (VHPC) currently considered by standardisation, an excellent durability and the use of relatively high content of fibers. In particular, their tensile strength is quite important. Nevertheless, depending on fibers ratio and fibers types forecasted in the initial mix design and the real orientation of fibers in the structure compared with the main tensile directions, UHPFRC can exhibit either strain-softening or strain-hardening tensile behaviour. Each considered behaviour needs specific approaches in order to ensure a safe design. In a first time, characterization methods of UHPFRC tensile behaviour have been developed in order to determine which type of behaviour will occur considering a given UHPFRC and structure. These methods are based on the four point bending test. An inverse analysis of the results of this experimental method permits to deduce the “stress – strain” relationship (in the case of hardening UHPFRC) or “stress – crack opening” relationship (in the case of softening UHPFRC). The results depend on assumptions assumed during the inverse analysis. Thus, we have developed analysis methods which minimize the number of hypothesis in order to predict the most realistic behaviour law. The four point bending test configuration can involve artefacts. A comparison with direct tensile test is then necessary. In order to conduct this comparison, a direct tensile test method has been developed. It permits to use specimens with the same cross-section for direct traction and for the four point bending configuration. The results obtained from four point bending tests associated with the inverse analysis have been compared to those obtained with direct tensile tests. This comparison has been achieved using results of an experimental campaign considering different specimens sizes and two UHPFRC. Such comparison allows to highlight the effectiveness of the proposed method and particularly, its capability to deduce a strain-hardening or strain-softening behaviour of the material from observed crack patterns. In a second time, calculation methods adapted for « stress – crack opening » or « stress – strain » approaches have been tested or developed in order to predict the ultimate capacity or behaviour of UHPFRC beams submitted to a coupled shear and bending loading. Indeed, for this loading configuration, the tensile behaviour of the material is a main parameter. In order to validate the proposed calculation methods, eleven beams made of reinforced or prestressed UHPFRC, with or without stirrups and with or without fibers (metalics organics) have been tested in bending conducting to shear failure. The concomitant characterization of the UHPFRC mechanical behaviour at the “material scale”, taking into account the real orientation of fibers within the beams, constitutes an originality of this program. It has been useful to analyze the interaction between material, structure configuration and casting method on the orientation of fibers. Moreover, developed analysis methods of four point bending tests have been used to evaluate the influence of the structure (real orientation of fibres, influence of an eventual prestress or the structure configuration) on the parameters characterizing the tensile behaviour of the UHPFRC, in particular the strain corresponding to the localization of a critical crack. The conditions of additional contribution of UHPFRC and eventual stirrups in the shear capacity of the beam have been described. In order to extend the analysis, the approach based on the “stress – crack opening” relationship has been tested in order to predict the shear capacity of beams. The approach based on “stress – strain” relationship has also been applied, participating to the development and the validation of elastoplastic methods adapted to UHPFRC
4

CHARACTERISATION OF THE TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF UHPFRC BY MEANS OF FOUR-POINT BENDING TESTS

López Martínez, Juan Ángel 18 April 2017 (has links)
Combining the most recent technologies in concrete, Ultra-High-Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) arises as a promising material for the near future. UHPFRC have shown how flexible concrete can be to adapt to the ever-changing social and environmental demands. With its high flexibility composition and its mechanical properties, UHPFRC is full of both unexplored and unexploited possibilities. Engineers should take responsibility for this task. However, it is fair to acknowledge that this is not an easy task and it requires the development of reliable and widely accepted design standards provided by the scientific community. A major concern about durability, long-lasting structures and reduction of maintenance cost, as well as the development of new concrete technologies, improved knowledge of fibre effect and a huge growth in the fibre industry accompanied by fibre price reduction have led, among other factors, to the development of new types of concrete whose mechanical behaviour substantially differs from conventional fibre-reinforced concrete. This is why current characterisation methodologies and design standards must be reviewed and adjusted to these newer materials. However, design standard revision cannot disregard former milestones achieved thanks to decades of hard work. It must offer an integrated view in which new types of concrete comprise existing ones in a broader group, because at the end of the day and despite having newer and improved properties, new types of concrete are still concrete. That is how it should be understood and how it must be reflected in newer codes and standards. The work presented herein is focused on one of these recently developed materials that embraces major advanced technologies in concrete: Ultra-High-Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC). This work is specifically focused on those crucial requirements for the development and widespread use of it, such as constitutive tensile characterisation and classification. This work includes a deep revision of the uniaxial tensile behaviour of concrete and its development as fibre technology has evolved. In addition, traditional characterisation standard methods as well as those recently developed for its specific use on UHPFRC are reviewed and called into question. Throughout the document, the development of different methodologies to determine the uniaxial constitutive tensile behaviour of UHPFRC from bending tests are shown, together with a simplified characterisation proposal specially developed for being included in a standard. All developed methodologies presented herein are checked and validated. These methods are specifically designed for their application on experimental results obtained from a special type of four-point bending test, whose standardisation proposal for UHPFRC is also shown. Finally, a classification proposal is presented as a function of more relevant UHPFRC tensile parameters necessary for design that can be directly obtained from the standard characterisation test method suggested. Proposed classification encompasses the existing classification for conventional reinforced and fibre-reinforced concrete. In it, both plain concrete and fibre-reinforced concrete are presented as a particular case of a more general tensile constitutive response for concrete. Standard methodology and classification proposed are in accordance with the evolution of concrete and unify historic milestones achieved by the international research community. / El Hormigón de Muy Alto Rendimiento (HMAR) combina los últimos avances tecnológicos en hormigón y se erige como un material prometedor para el futuro. El HMAR ha demostrado su gran capacidad para adaptarse a las cada vez más exigentes demandas sociales y medioambientales. Con un gran abanico de posibilidades en su dosificación para conseguir las propiedades mecánicas deseadas, el HMAR es un material lleno de posibilidades aún sin explorar y sin explotar. Los ingenieros tienen la responsabilidad de esta tarea. Sin embargo, es justo reconocer que no se trata de una tarea fácil y que requiere de un desarrollo previo de códigos de diseño adecuados y ampliamente aceptados por parte de la comunidad científica. La aparición de nuevas tecnologías, el mayor conocimiento sobre la aportación de las fibras así como su industrialización y bajada de precios, las mayores preocupaciones sobre la durabilidad estructural, incremento de la vida útil o la reducción de los costes de mantenimiento, entre otros factores, han derivado en el desarrollo de nuevas tipologías de hormigones cuyo comportamiento mecánico difiere de manera sustancial de los tradicionales hormigones con fibras. Es por ello que tanto la readaptación de las metodologías de caracterización como las metodologías de diseño deben ser reformuladas. Y esto debe hacerse de manera no disruptiva, es decir, manteniendo la línea de los hitos alcanzados en los hormigones con fibras convencionales de manera que queden integrados en metodologías de caracterización y de diseño que los engloben, porque al fin y al cabo, y aunque con nuevas y mejores propiedades mecánicas, los nuevos hormigones siguen siendo hormigones. Así debe ser entendido y así debe quedar reflejado en las nuevas normativas. El presente trabajo se centra en uno de esos nuevos materiales desarrollados con el avance de las nuevas tecnologías como es el HMAR. En especial, este documento se centra en ese aspecto tan fundamental para el desarrollo de nuevos hormigones como es la caracterización mecánica y la tipificación. Este trabajo incluye una revisión del comportamiento mecánico uniaxial a tracción del hormigón y de su evolución con la aparición de las diferentes tecnologías. Además, se revisan y se ponen en cuestión los sistemas tradicionales de caracterización, así como los nuevos sistemas desarrollados en los últimos años para su empleo específico en el HMAR. A lo largo del documento se desarrollan diferentes metodologías para la obtención del comportamiento constitutivo a tracción del HMAR, así como la propuesta de una metdología simplificada de caracterización especialmente diseñada para ser incluida en una norma, todas ellas debidamente validadas. Estas metodologías son de aplicación específica a los resultados experimentales obtenidos mediante un ensayo a cuatro puntos sin entalla, cuya propuesta de estandarización para el HMAR ha sido también desarrollada. Finalmente, se presenta una propuesta de tipificación de acuerdo a los parámetros más relevantes del comportamiento a tracción del HMAR que son necesarios para el diseño y que pueden ser directamente obtenidos del ensayo de caracterización propuesto. Esta clasificación engloba a la clasificación existente para el hormigón armado convencional y los actuales hormigones con fibras, de manera que se presenta la actual definición de hormigón con fibras como un caso particular de estos nuevos hormigones, respetando al máximo la evolución de este material y aunando los logros conseguidos por la comunidad científica. / Dins de les combinacions de les tecnologies més recents en el formigó, el formigó de molt alt rendiment (UHPFRC) sorgeix com un material prometedor per al futur pròxim. L'UHPFRC ha demostrat poder ser un formigó flexible per adaptar-se a les sempre canviants demandes socials i mediambientals. Amb una gran flexibilitat en la seua composició i les seues propietats mecàniques, l`UHPFRC està ple de possibilitats de ser explorades i explotades. Els enginyers han de prendre la responsabilitat d'aquesta tasca. No obstant això, és just reconèixer que això no serà fàcil i requerirà el desenvolupament de normes de disseny fiables i àmpliament acceptades per la comunitat científica. Hi ha una gran preocupació al voltant de la durabilitat, la vida útil de les estructures i la reducció del cost de manteniment, juntament amb el desenvolupament de noves tecnologies de formigó, un millor coneixement de l'efecte de la fibra i un enorme creixement en la indústria de la fibra acompanyat per la reducció del preu de la fibra, han conduït, entre altres factors, al desenvolupament de nous tipus de formigons, el comportament mecànic dels quals es diferencia substancialment dels formigons reforçats amb fibres convencionals. És per això que les metodologies de caracterització actuals i les normes de disseny han de ser revisades i ajustades a aquests nous materials. No obstant això, la revisió del codis de disseny no pot prescindir de les antigues fites aconseguides gràcies a dècades de treball dur. S'ha d'oferir una visió integrada en la qual els nous tipus de formigons integren els ja existents en un grup més ampli, ja que, al cap i la fi i malgrat tenir propietats noves i millorades, els nous tipus de formigons són encara un tipus de formigó. Així es com s'hauria d'entendre i reflectir-se en els nous codis i normes. El treball presentat en aquest document es centra en un d'aquests materials que s'han desenvolupat recentment i que abasta les principals tecnologies avançades en el formigó: el Formigó de Molt Alt Rendiment Reforçat amb Fibres (UHPFRC). Aquest treball se centra específicament en els requisits fonamentals per al desenvolupament i l'ús generalitzat d'aquest, com ara la caracterització i classificació del comportament constitutiu a tracció. Aquest treball inclou una revisió profunda del comportament a tracció uniaxial del formigó i els seus canvis al temps que la tecnologia de les fibres ha evolucionat. A més, els mètodes tradicionals estàndard de caracterització, així com els recentment desenvolupats per al seu ús específic en l'UHPFRC són revisats i qüestionats. Al llarg del document, es mostra el desenvolupament de diferents metodologies per a determinar el comportament constitutiu a tracció uniaxial de l'UHPFRC, juntament amb una proposta de caracterització simplificada especialment desenvolupada per poder ser inclosa en normativa. Totes les metodologies desenvolupades presentades en aquest document han estat comprovades i validades. Aquests mètodes estan dissenyats específicament per a la seva aplicació en els resultats experimentals obtinguts a partir d'un tipus especial d'assaig de flexió a quatre punts, a més també s'inclou una proposta d'estandardització per a l'UHPFRC. Finalment, es presenta una proposta de classificació en funció dels paràmetres més rellevants del comportament a tracció de l'UHPFRC que són necessaris per al disseny i que es poden obtindre directament del mètode d'assaig estàndard suggerit per a la caracterització de l'UHPFRC. La classificació proposada té amb compte la classificació existent per al formigó armat convencional i el reforçat amb fibres. En ella, tant el formigó en massa com el formigó reforçat amb fibres es presenten com un cas particular d'una resposta constitutiva a tracció més general per al formigó. La metodologia estàndard i la classificació proposada estan d'acord amb l'evolució de formigó i unifica l / López Martínez, JÁ. (2017). CHARACTERISATION OF THE TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF UHPFRC BY MEANS OF FOUR-POINT BENDING TESTS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/79740 / TESIS
5

Study of tensile behavior for high-performance fiber materials under high-temperature loads

Younes, Ayham, Sankaran, Vignaesh, Seidel, André, Cherif, Chokri 17 September 2019 (has links)
Textile high-performance filament yarn subjected to extremely high thermal loads can be found in various technical application fields. Besides the mechanical loads, textile fiber materials have to also satisfy high safety requirements in these applications with respect to thermal loads. Some of the main fields of application in the field of mechanical engineering are turbines, drive devices, rocket components and fire protection coatings. Textile grid-like structures are also being increasingly used in civil engineering as reinforcements (textile concretes). The design and development of textile structures for these applications demands studying and acquiring the material behavior under high thermal loads. Neither sufficient data nor standardized testing methods have been extensively achieved for evaluating the tensile characteristics of filament yarns under thermal influences. Hence, studying the thermal behavior of these yarns, which are used as input material for the reinforcing structures, is essential. The impact of the standard atmospheric condition on the oxidation behavior of the yarns, as in the case of carbon filament yarns and their influence on the physicochemical and tensile mechanical properties, have to be studied as well. This paper aims to address this issue and provides an insight into the current research about the development and realization of a novel test stand and the subsequent study of tensile mechanical behavior for textile high-performance fiber material under extreme thermal loads together with their physicochemical behavior.
6

Numerical Modelling of UHPFRC: from the Material to the Structural Element

Mezquida Alcaraz, Eduardo José 30 May 2021 (has links)
[ES] El principal objetivo de la presente tesis es el desarrollo de una completa metodología para el modelado numérico del UHPFRC desde el material hasta el elemento estructural. Se pretende contribuir al avance del conocimiento del comportamiento mecánico del UHPFRC obteniendo como resultado un procedimiento para la modelización numérica que permita el modelado y diseño estructural que permitiría hacer que este material fuera competitivo para ser utilizado en el mercado de la construcción. En la metodología de modelado propuesta, se considera un comportamiento constitutivo del UHPFRC optimizado por medio de un procedimiento directo y fiable con el que se aprovechan las ventajas del material, resultando en un diseño estructural eficiente desde el punto de vista mecánico y económico. ¿Es necesario producir SH-UHPFRC para conseguir grandes propiedades mecánicas? ¿Es posible generar SS-UHPFRC de manera que queden reducidos los costos iniciales y se mantengan unas propiedades mecánicas y de durabilidad competitivas que comporten un diseño estructural efectivo? El desarrollo de UHPFRC con bajo endurecimiento por deformación y de SS-UHPFRC puede reducir sus propiedades mecánicas, pero si son adecuadamente estudiadas y controladas, éstos podrían ser optimizados. La tesis aborda algunas de estas cuestiones a través del estudio del comportamiento a tracción que va desde SH-UHPFRC hasta SS-UHPFRC. Se pretende llevar a cabo una propuesta de procedimiento fiable para caracterizar el comportamiento constitutivo a tracción y definir un modelo numérico de elementos finitos fiable para modelar con precisión la respuesta de probetas y elementos estructurales armados de UHPFRC. Para definir el procedimiento directo para caracterizar a tracción tanto SH-UHPFRC como SS-UHPFRC, se ha llevado a cabo una campaña experimental y numérica en la que se ha analizado el resultado de ensayar 227 probetas sin armadura fabricadas con UHPFRC con cantidades de fibras cortas y lisas de acero de 120-130kg/m3 y 160kg/m3, ensayadas a flexión a través del ensayo a cuatro puntos (4PBT). El desarrollo y la validación de dicho proceso se respaldan mediante un modelo no lineal de elementos finitos (NLFEM) fiable. La validación numérica llevada a cabo ha sido decisiva para que este procedimiento sea preciso, simple y fiable. Utilizando esta campaña experimental, se ha desarrollado una aplicación predictiva para estimar los parámetros que definen el comportamiento constitutivo a tracción del UHPFRC. Esta aplicación es simple y directa y evita la posible variabilidad producida por malas interpretaciones en la aplicación del proceso. Además, se ha llevado a cabo una segunda campaña experimental constituida por vigas de UHPFRC armadas a flexión con diferentes escalas: 36 vigas cortas con 130 y 160kg/m3 de fibras y dos vigas largas. Esta campaña experimental se ha modelado con el NLFEM aquí desarrollado teniendo en cuenta efectos importantes debidos a la interacción del UHPFRC con las barras de armado. También se han modelado con el NLFEM tirantes de UHPFRC armados de una campaña experimental de otra investigación. El modelo considera efectos debidos a la retracción, al 3D y comportamiento tensión stiffening que generan resultados muy precisos cuando se comparan con los resultados experimentales. Como resultado de la presente tesis doctoral, se ha obtenido un modelo de elementos finitos capaz de modelar con precisión elementos estructurales de UHPFRC armados. Los resultados no sólo demuestran la fiabilidad del NLFEM llevado a cabo sino también la coherencia del procedimiento desarrollado para caracterizar el comportamiento constitutivo a tracción del UHPFRC para los dos casos, tanto SH-UHPFRC como SS-UHPFRC, tanto en elementos estructurales armados a flexión como en elementos estructurales armados a tracción directa. Consecuentemente se ha propuesto una metodología completa y efectiva para el modelado numérico del UHPFRC / [CA] El principal objectiu de la present tesi es el desenvolupament d'una completa metodologia per al modelat numèric de l'UHPFRC des del nivell material fins arribar als elements estructurals. Es pretén contribuir a l'avanç del coneixement del comportament mecànic de l'UHPFRC per mitjà d'un procediment per al modelat numèric útil per al modelat i disseny estructural que permeta fer que aquest material siga competitiu al mercat de la construcció. En la metodologia de modelat proposta, es considera un comportament constitutiu de l'UHPFRC optimitzat per mitjà d'un procediment directe i fiable amb el qual s'aprofiten els avantatges del material, resultant en un disseny estructural eficient des del punt de vista mecànic i econòmic. És necessari produir SH-UHPFRC per a aconseguir grans propietats mecàniques? És possible generar SS-UHPFRC amb el qual queden reduïts els costs inicials mantenint unes propietats mecàniques i de durabilitat competitives que comporten un disseny estructural efectiu? El desenvolupament d'UHPFRC amb baix enduriment per deformació i de SS-UHPFRC pot reduir les seues propietats mecàniques però, si són adequadament estudiades i controlades, aquests podrien ser optimitzats. La tesi aborda algunes d'aquestes qüestions per mitjà de l'estudi del comportament a tracció de l'UHPFRC que va des de SH-UHPFRC fins SS-UHPFRC. Es pretén dur a terme una proposta de procediment fiable per a caracteritzar el comportament constitutiu a tracció i definir un model numèric d'elements finits fiable per a modelar amb precisió la resposta de provetes i elements estructurals armats d'UHPFRC. Per a definir el procediment directe per a caracteritzar a tracció tant SH-UHPFRC com SS-UHPFRC, s'ha dut a terme una campanya experimental i numèrica en la que s'ha analitzat el resultat d'assajar 227 provetes sense armadura fabricades amb UHPFRC amb quantitats de fibres curtes i llises d'acer de 120-130kg/m3 i 160kg/m3, assajades a flexió per mitjà de l'assaig a quatre punts (4PBT). El desenvolupament i la validació de l'esmentat procés són assegurats per mitjà d'un model no lineal d'elements finits (NLFEM) fiable. La validació numèrica duta a terme ha estat decisiva per a que aquest procediment siga precís, simple i fiable. Utilitzant aquesta campanya experimental, s'ha desenvolupat una aplicació predictiva per a estimar els paràmetres que defineixen el comportament constitutiu a tracció de l'UHPFRC. Aquesta aplicació és simple i directa i evita la possible variabilitat produïda per males interpretacions en l'aplicació del procés. A més a més, també s'ha dut a terme una segon campanya experimental constituïda per bigues d'UHPFRC armades a flexió amb diferents escales: 36 bigues curtes amb 130 i 160kg/m3 de fibres i dos bigues llargues de gran escala. Aquesta campanya s'ha modelat amb el NLFEM ací desenvolupat incloent efectes importants deguts a la interacció de l'UHPFRC amb les barres d'armat. Addicionalment, també s'han modelat amb el NLFEM tirants d'UHPFRC armats a tracció provinents d'una campanya experimental d'altra investigació. El model considera efectes deguts a la retracció, al 3D i comportament tensió stiffening que generen resultats molt precisos quan es comparen amb els resultats experimentals. Per tant, com a resultat de la present tesi doctoral, s'ha obtingut un model d'elements finits capaç de modelar amb precisió elements estructurals d'UHPFRC armats. Els resultats del model comparats amb els resultats experimentals no sols demostren la fiabilitat del NLFEM dut a terme sinó que també la coherència del procediment directe desenvolupat per a caracteritzar el comportament constitutiu a tracció de l'UHPFRC als dos casos, tant per a SH-UHPFRC com SS-UHPFRC, tant en elements estructurals armats a flexió com amb elements estructurals armats a tracció directa. Conseqüentment, s'ha proposat una metodologia completa i efectiva per al modelat numèric de l'UHPFRC des del niv / [EN] The main objective of the present PhD thesis is to develop a complete methodology for the numerical modelling of UHPFRC from the material level to structural elements. It intends to contribute to advanced knowledge of mechanical UHPFRC behaviour to lead to a numerically modelling proposal that is useful for structural modelling and design that allows options for this material to be competitive in the construction market. Optimised UHPFRC material constitutive behaviour, characterised by a direct reliable defined procedure, is considered in the proposed modelling methodology to take advantage of these properties, and to lead to an efficient structural design from the mechanical and economical points of view. Is it necessary to produce SH-UHPFRC to obtain excellent properties? Is it possible to develop SS-UHPFRC that leads to lower initial costs and to maintain competitive mechanical and durability properties that result in an effective structural design? The development of low strain-hardening and SS-UHPFRC would lead to reduce its mechanical properties, but they can be optimised if they are studied and controlled. The thesis addresses some of these questions by studying tensile UHPFRC behaviour to cover a wide range of tensile constitutive behaviours from SH-UHPFRC to SS-UHPFRC. It intends to propose a reliable tensile characterisation process and a reliable finite element model capable of accurately simulating the response of UHPFRC specimens and reinforced structural elements. An extensive experimental and numerical campaign with 227 unreinforced four-point bending test (4PBT) specimens with amounts of smooth-straight (13/0.20) steel fibres of 1.53-1.66% (120-130kg/m3) in volume and with 2.00% (160kg/m3), which represents SS-UHPFRC and SH-UHPFRC tensile behaviours, was carried out to set up a direct tensile characterisation procedure involving SS-UHPFRC and SH-UHPFRC. The direct procedure's development and validity are ensured by a reliable non-linear finite element model (NLFEM). Numerical validation was carried out and is decisive for performing the direct procedure to characterise the tensile behaviour of both SS and SH-UHPFRC herein developed accurately, simply and reliably. With the experimental programme herein, a predictive application for estimating tensile UHPFRC parameters was developed. The prediction offers reliable results. The application is simple and direct, and avoids variability in the characterisation procedure due to possible misinterpretations in its application. In addition, a second experimental programme, which includes reinforced concrete flexural beams on different scales, with 36 UHPFRC reinforced short beams with 130 and 160kg/m3 of steel fibres and two full-scale long beams, was carried out and modelled with the NLFEM herein developed including major effects due to the interaction between UHPFRC and reinforcement bars. Additionally, reinforced UHPFRC tensile bars from a recent experimental campaign performed by other researchers were modelled with the NLFEM. The model considers shrinkage effects, tension stiffening behaviour and 3D effects due to the particularities of the test, which provide very accurate results compared to those obtained with the experimental tests. As a result of this PhD thesis, an accurate NLFEM was obtained to model reinforced UHPFRC structural elements. The results of the model compared to the experimental ones demonstrate not only the reliability of the developed NLFEM, but also the coherence of the developed direct procedure to characterise tensile UHPFRC behaviour in both strain-softening and strain-hardening in reinforced flexural and direct tensile structural elements. Consequently, a complete and effective methodology for numerical UHPFRC modelling from the material level to structural elements is proposed. / Mezquida Alcaraz, EJ. (2021). Numerical Modelling of UHPFRC: from the Material to the Structural Element [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/167017 / TESIS
7

Numerical investigations on the uniaxial tensile behaviour of Textile Reinforced Concrete / Numerische Untersuchungen zum einaxialen Zugtragverhalten von Textilbeton

Hartig, Jens 25 March 2011 (has links) (PDF)
In the present work, the load-bearing behaviour of Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC), which is a composite of a fine-grained concrete matrix and a reinforcement of high-performance fibres processed to textiles, exposed to uniaxial tensile loading was investigated based on numerical simulations. The investigations are focussed on reinforcement of multi-filament yarns of alkali-resistant glass. When embedded in concrete, these yarns are not entirely penetrated with cementitious matrix, which leads associated with the heterogeneity of the concrete and the yarns to a complex load-bearing and failure behaviour of the composite. The main objective of the work was the theoretical investigation of effects in the load-bearing behaviour of TRC, which cannot be explained solely by available experimental results. Therefore, a model was developed, which can describe the tensile behaviour of TRC in different experimental test setups with a unified approach. Neglecting effects resulting from Poisson’s effect, a one-dimensional model implemented within the framework of the Finite Element Method was established. Nevertheless, the model takes also transverse effects into account by a subdivision of the reinforcement yarns into so-called segments. The model incorporates two types of finite elements: bar and bond elements. In longitudinal direction, the bar elements are arranged in series to represent the load-bearing behaviour of matrix or reinforcement. In transverse direction these bar element chains are connected with bond elements. The model gains most of its complexity from non-linearities arising from the constitutive relations, e. g., limited tensile strength of concrete and reinforcement, tension softening of the concrete, waviness of the reinforcement and non-linear bond laws. Besides a deterministic description of the material behaviour, also a stochastic formulation based on a random field approach was introduced in the model. The model has a number of advantageous features, which are provided in this combination only in a few of the existing models concerning TRC. It provides stress distributions in the reinforcement and the concrete as well as properties of concrete crack development like crack spacing and crack widths, which are in some of the existing models input parameters and not a result of the simulations. Moreover, the successive failure of the reinforcement can be studied with the model. The model was applied to three types of tests, the filament pull-out test, the yarn pull-out test and tensile tests with multiple concrete cracking. The results of the simulations regarding the filament pull-out tests showed good correspondence with experimental data. Parametric studies were performed to investigate the influence of geometrical properties in these tests like embedding and free lengths of the filament as well as bond properties between filament and matrix. The presented results of simulations of yarn pull-out tests demonstrated the applicability of the model to this type of test. It has been shown that a relatively fine subdivision of the reinforcement is necessary to represent the successive failure of the reinforcement yarns appropriately. The presented results showed that the model can provide the distribution of failure positions in the reinforcement and the degradation development of yarns during loading. One of the main objectives of the work was to investigate effects concerning the tensile material behaviour of TRC, which could not be explained, hitherto, based solely on experimental results. Hence, a large number of parametric studies was performed concerning tensile tests with multiple concrete cracking, which reflect the tensile behaviour of TRC as occurring in practice. The results of the simulations showed that the model is able to reproduce the typical tripartite stress-strain response of TRC consisting of the uncracked state, the state of multiple matrix cracking and the post-cracking state as known from experimental investigations. The best agreement between simulated and experimental results was achieved considering scatter in the material properties of concrete as well as concrete tension softening and reinforcement waviness. / Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Untersuchungen zum einaxialen Zugtragverhalten von Textilbeton. Textilbeton ist ein Verbundwerkstoff bestehend aus einer Matrix aus Feinbeton und einer Bewehrung aus Multifilamentgarnen aus Hochleistungsfasern, welche zu textilen Strukturen verarbeitet sind. Die Untersuchungen konzentrieren sich auf Bewehrungen aus alkali-resistentem Glas. Das Tragverhalten des Verbundwerkstoffs ist komplex, was aus der Heterogenität der Matrix und der Garne sowie der unvollständigen Durchdringung der Garne mit Matrix resultiert. Das Hauptziel der Arbeit ist die theoretische Untersuchung von Effekten und Mechanismen innerhalb des Lastabtragverhaltens von Textilbeton, welche nicht vollständig anhand verfügbarer experimenteller Ergebnisse erklärt werden können. Das entsprechende Modell zur Beschreibung des Zugtragverhaltens von Textilbeton soll verschiedene experimentelle Versuchstypen mit einem einheitlichen Modell abbilden können. Unter Vernachlässigung von Querdehneffekten wurde ein eindimensionales Modell entwickelt und im Rahmen der Finite-Elemente-Methode numerisch implementiert. Es werden jedoch auch Lastabtragmechanismen in Querrichtung durch eine Unterteilung der Bewehrungsgarne in sogenannte Segmente berücksichtigt. Das Modell enthält zwei Typen von finiten Elementen: Stabelemente und Verbundelemente. In Längsrichtung werden Stabelemente kettenförmig angeordnet, um das Tragverhalten von Matrix und Bewehrung abzubilden. In Querrichtung sind die Stabelementketten mit Verbundelementen gekoppelt. Das Modell erhält seine Komplexität hauptsächlich aus Nichtlinearitäten in der Materialbeschreibung, z.B. durch begrenzte Zugfestigkeiten von Matrix und Bewehrung, Zugentfestigung der Matrix, Welligkeit der Bewehrung und nichtlineare Verbundgesetze. Neben einer deterministischen Beschreibung des Materialverhaltens beinhaltet das Modell auch eine stochastische Beschreibung auf Grundlage eines Zufallsfeldansatzes. Mit dem Modell können Spannungsverteilungen im Verbundwerkstoff und Eigenschaften der Betonrissentwicklung, z.B. in Form von Rissbreiten und Rissabständen untersucht werden, was in dieser Kombination nur mit wenigen der existierenden Modelle für Textilbeton möglich ist. In vielen der vorhandenen Modelle sind diese Eigenschaften Eingangsgrößen für die Berechnungen und keine Ergebnisse. Darüber hinaus kann anhand des Modells auch das sukzessive Versagen der Bewehrungsgarne studiert werden. Das Modell wurde auf drei verschiedene Versuchstypen angewendet: den Filamentauszugversuch, den Garnauszugversuch und Dehnkörperversuche. Die Berechnungsergebnisse zu den Filamentauszugversuchen zeigten eine gute Übereinstimmung mit experimentellen Resultaten. Zudem wurden Parameterstudien durchgeführt, um Einflüsse aus Geometrieeigenschaften wie der eingebetteten und freien Filamentlänge sowie Materialeigenschaften wie dem Verbund zwischen Matrix und Filament zu untersuchen. Die Berechnungsergebnisse zum Garnauszugversuch demonstrierten die Anwendbarkeit des Modells auf diesen Versuchstyp. Es wurde gezeigt, dass für eine realitätsnahe Abbildung des Versagensverhaltens der Bewehrungsgarne eine relativ feine Auflösung der Bewehrung notwendig ist. Die Berechnungen lieferten die Verteilung von Versagenspositionen in der Bewehrung und die Entwicklung der Degradation der Garne im Belastungsverlauf. Ein Hauptziel der Arbeit war die Untersuchung von Effekten im Zugtragverhalten von Textilbeton, die bisher nicht durch experimentelle Untersuchungen erklärt werden konnten. Daher wurde eine Vielzahl von Parameterstudien zu Dehnkörpern mit mehrfacher Matrixrissbildung, welche das Zugtragverhalten von Textilbeton ähnlich praktischen Anwendungen abbilden, durchgeführt. Die Berechnungsergebnisse zeigten, dass der experimentell beobachtete dreigeteilte Verlauf der Spannungs-Dehnungs-Beziehung von Textilbeton bestehend aus dem ungerissenen Zustand, dem Zustand der Matrixrissbildung und dem Zustand der abgeschlossenen Rissbildung vom Modell wiedergegeben wird. Die beste Übereinstimmung zwischen berechneten und experimentellen Ergebnissen ergab sich unter Einbeziehung von Streuungen in den Materialeigenschaften der Matrix, der Zugentfestigung der Matrix und der Welligkeit der Bewehrung.
8

Numerical investigations on the uniaxial tensile behaviour of Textile Reinforced Concrete

Hartig, Jens 27 January 2011 (has links)
In the present work, the load-bearing behaviour of Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC), which is a composite of a fine-grained concrete matrix and a reinforcement of high-performance fibres processed to textiles, exposed to uniaxial tensile loading was investigated based on numerical simulations. The investigations are focussed on reinforcement of multi-filament yarns of alkali-resistant glass. When embedded in concrete, these yarns are not entirely penetrated with cementitious matrix, which leads associated with the heterogeneity of the concrete and the yarns to a complex load-bearing and failure behaviour of the composite. The main objective of the work was the theoretical investigation of effects in the load-bearing behaviour of TRC, which cannot be explained solely by available experimental results. Therefore, a model was developed, which can describe the tensile behaviour of TRC in different experimental test setups with a unified approach. Neglecting effects resulting from Poisson’s effect, a one-dimensional model implemented within the framework of the Finite Element Method was established. Nevertheless, the model takes also transverse effects into account by a subdivision of the reinforcement yarns into so-called segments. The model incorporates two types of finite elements: bar and bond elements. In longitudinal direction, the bar elements are arranged in series to represent the load-bearing behaviour of matrix or reinforcement. In transverse direction these bar element chains are connected with bond elements. The model gains most of its complexity from non-linearities arising from the constitutive relations, e. g., limited tensile strength of concrete and reinforcement, tension softening of the concrete, waviness of the reinforcement and non-linear bond laws. Besides a deterministic description of the material behaviour, also a stochastic formulation based on a random field approach was introduced in the model. The model has a number of advantageous features, which are provided in this combination only in a few of the existing models concerning TRC. It provides stress distributions in the reinforcement and the concrete as well as properties of concrete crack development like crack spacing and crack widths, which are in some of the existing models input parameters and not a result of the simulations. Moreover, the successive failure of the reinforcement can be studied with the model. The model was applied to three types of tests, the filament pull-out test, the yarn pull-out test and tensile tests with multiple concrete cracking. The results of the simulations regarding the filament pull-out tests showed good correspondence with experimental data. Parametric studies were performed to investigate the influence of geometrical properties in these tests like embedding and free lengths of the filament as well as bond properties between filament and matrix. The presented results of simulations of yarn pull-out tests demonstrated the applicability of the model to this type of test. It has been shown that a relatively fine subdivision of the reinforcement is necessary to represent the successive failure of the reinforcement yarns appropriately. The presented results showed that the model can provide the distribution of failure positions in the reinforcement and the degradation development of yarns during loading. One of the main objectives of the work was to investigate effects concerning the tensile material behaviour of TRC, which could not be explained, hitherto, based solely on experimental results. Hence, a large number of parametric studies was performed concerning tensile tests with multiple concrete cracking, which reflect the tensile behaviour of TRC as occurring in practice. The results of the simulations showed that the model is able to reproduce the typical tripartite stress-strain response of TRC consisting of the uncracked state, the state of multiple matrix cracking and the post-cracking state as known from experimental investigations. The best agreement between simulated and experimental results was achieved considering scatter in the material properties of concrete as well as concrete tension softening and reinforcement waviness. / Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Untersuchungen zum einaxialen Zugtragverhalten von Textilbeton. Textilbeton ist ein Verbundwerkstoff bestehend aus einer Matrix aus Feinbeton und einer Bewehrung aus Multifilamentgarnen aus Hochleistungsfasern, welche zu textilen Strukturen verarbeitet sind. Die Untersuchungen konzentrieren sich auf Bewehrungen aus alkali-resistentem Glas. Das Tragverhalten des Verbundwerkstoffs ist komplex, was aus der Heterogenität der Matrix und der Garne sowie der unvollständigen Durchdringung der Garne mit Matrix resultiert. Das Hauptziel der Arbeit ist die theoretische Untersuchung von Effekten und Mechanismen innerhalb des Lastabtragverhaltens von Textilbeton, welche nicht vollständig anhand verfügbarer experimenteller Ergebnisse erklärt werden können. Das entsprechende Modell zur Beschreibung des Zugtragverhaltens von Textilbeton soll verschiedene experimentelle Versuchstypen mit einem einheitlichen Modell abbilden können. Unter Vernachlässigung von Querdehneffekten wurde ein eindimensionales Modell entwickelt und im Rahmen der Finite-Elemente-Methode numerisch implementiert. Es werden jedoch auch Lastabtragmechanismen in Querrichtung durch eine Unterteilung der Bewehrungsgarne in sogenannte Segmente berücksichtigt. Das Modell enthält zwei Typen von finiten Elementen: Stabelemente und Verbundelemente. In Längsrichtung werden Stabelemente kettenförmig angeordnet, um das Tragverhalten von Matrix und Bewehrung abzubilden. In Querrichtung sind die Stabelementketten mit Verbundelementen gekoppelt. Das Modell erhält seine Komplexität hauptsächlich aus Nichtlinearitäten in der Materialbeschreibung, z.B. durch begrenzte Zugfestigkeiten von Matrix und Bewehrung, Zugentfestigung der Matrix, Welligkeit der Bewehrung und nichtlineare Verbundgesetze. Neben einer deterministischen Beschreibung des Materialverhaltens beinhaltet das Modell auch eine stochastische Beschreibung auf Grundlage eines Zufallsfeldansatzes. Mit dem Modell können Spannungsverteilungen im Verbundwerkstoff und Eigenschaften der Betonrissentwicklung, z.B. in Form von Rissbreiten und Rissabständen untersucht werden, was in dieser Kombination nur mit wenigen der existierenden Modelle für Textilbeton möglich ist. In vielen der vorhandenen Modelle sind diese Eigenschaften Eingangsgrößen für die Berechnungen und keine Ergebnisse. Darüber hinaus kann anhand des Modells auch das sukzessive Versagen der Bewehrungsgarne studiert werden. Das Modell wurde auf drei verschiedene Versuchstypen angewendet: den Filamentauszugversuch, den Garnauszugversuch und Dehnkörperversuche. Die Berechnungsergebnisse zu den Filamentauszugversuchen zeigten eine gute Übereinstimmung mit experimentellen Resultaten. Zudem wurden Parameterstudien durchgeführt, um Einflüsse aus Geometrieeigenschaften wie der eingebetteten und freien Filamentlänge sowie Materialeigenschaften wie dem Verbund zwischen Matrix und Filament zu untersuchen. Die Berechnungsergebnisse zum Garnauszugversuch demonstrierten die Anwendbarkeit des Modells auf diesen Versuchstyp. Es wurde gezeigt, dass für eine realitätsnahe Abbildung des Versagensverhaltens der Bewehrungsgarne eine relativ feine Auflösung der Bewehrung notwendig ist. Die Berechnungen lieferten die Verteilung von Versagenspositionen in der Bewehrung und die Entwicklung der Degradation der Garne im Belastungsverlauf. Ein Hauptziel der Arbeit war die Untersuchung von Effekten im Zugtragverhalten von Textilbeton, die bisher nicht durch experimentelle Untersuchungen erklärt werden konnten. Daher wurde eine Vielzahl von Parameterstudien zu Dehnkörpern mit mehrfacher Matrixrissbildung, welche das Zugtragverhalten von Textilbeton ähnlich praktischen Anwendungen abbilden, durchgeführt. Die Berechnungsergebnisse zeigten, dass der experimentell beobachtete dreigeteilte Verlauf der Spannungs-Dehnungs-Beziehung von Textilbeton bestehend aus dem ungerissenen Zustand, dem Zustand der Matrixrissbildung und dem Zustand der abgeschlossenen Rissbildung vom Modell wiedergegeben wird. Die beste Übereinstimmung zwischen berechneten und experimentellen Ergebnissen ergab sich unter Einbeziehung von Streuungen in den Materialeigenschaften der Matrix, der Zugentfestigung der Matrix und der Welligkeit der Bewehrung.

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