Magister Legum - LLM / The study aims to detect the outcomes for provincial and local governments when the veto power was invoked. This in turn provides evidence based information on the extent to which the intergovernmental checks and balances are working in practice. This is significant as the study measures the degree to which the veto power acts as a safeguard in protecting the autonomy and institutional integrity of local governments. While the data to be collated and presented will document the role and function currently performed by the Minister and NCOP it will also provide an opportunity to assess the legal framework.

This study considers the development of the children's services within the Community Arts Council in relation to arts programs for children in the City of Vancouver. The changing emphasis of the program from 1947 to 1954 is examined through the records of sponsored classes, the minutes of meetings and interviews with class leaders, agency directors and class participants. The changing philosophy of the artist in the practice of his profession and the increased interest in the development of art programs for children in leisure-time settings has brought the artists and the recreation leaders together. Within the recreation field, the use of the social work method and the demand for the fulfilment of the social agencies' objectives through program have strained relationships between the artist and program staff. As the community agency establishes its role in the sponsorship of arts programs the agency adopts a responsibility for understanding the objectives and methods of the artist, who in turn must accept the philosophy and objectives of the agency. The Community Arts Council has demonstrated the need for mutual effort if the objectives of both are to be realized for the benefit of the child. The Children's Program project clarifies the factors which have disturbed the effective use of art specialists in the agencies. It also indicates the possibility of future development within the Community Arts Council to further co-operative planning to ensure sufficient skilled leadership and standards for cultural services. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Although the 1837-38 Rebellions and the Union of the Canadas have received much attention from historians, the Special Council—a political body that bridged two constitutions—remains largely unexplored in comparison. This dissertation considers its time as the legislature of Lower Canada. More specifically, it examines its social, political and economic impact on the colony and its inhabitants. Based on the works of previous historians and on various primary sources, this dissertation first demonstrates that the Special Council proved to be very important to Lower Canada, but more specifically, to British merchants and Tories. After years of frustration for this group, the era of the Special Council represented what could be called a “catching up” period regarding their social, commercial and economic interests in the colony. This first section ends with an evaluation of the legacy of the Special Council, and posits the theory that the period was revolutionary as it produced several ordinances that changed the colony’s social, economic and political culture This first section will also set the stage for the most important matter considered in this dissertation as it emphasizes the Special Council’s authoritarianism. During this period, Lower Canadians lost all political rights and the decisions taken by the Special Council were made by non-elected councilors. The second section therefore considers the various ordinances the council passed, its obvious favoritism and authoritarianism, and the opinions of Lower Canadians towards them. The following questions are considered: did the British and French-Canadians react differently to the dissolution of their legislature and the suspension of their constitution? Considering the fact that many people, habitants and British alike, did not support the rebellion, did they view the council as a necessity in restoring peace and stability to the colony, and therefore accepted its authoritarianism, and even supported it? More importantly, did French-Canadians submit to the Special Council and all of the new laws and institutions it imposed in the years following the failed rebellions? Evidence suggests that French-Canadians were very vocal in their opposition to the Special Council.

M.Com. (Business Management) / Any organisation being it at local authority or private sector concern operates in an ever changing and dynamic macro-environment. The City Council of Nelspruit realised this fact and conducted a situational analysis 10 conjunction with the National Productivity Institute during the first half of 1989. The situational analysis established that departmental plans and actions were not effectively coordinated and focussed towards the attainment of goals and objectives. Certain recommendations followed and as a result a strategic management model was implemented during the second half of 1989. Local Authorities find themselves since then. and even more since the promulgation of the Local Authorities Transitional Act (214 of 1993). in an even more volatile and dynamic macro-environment. It was therefore decided to conduct a literature search in order to recommend a recent and applicable strategic management model to the City Council of Nelspruit. The fact that local authorities forms part of the structure of government is pointed out while the unique role and function of local authorities in the process of governance is stressed. Attention is also given to important differences between public sector and private sector concerns. Particular attention is also given to the strategic management model as devised by Pearce & Robinson (l991: 11). This model describes strategic management as "the set of decisions and actions that result in the formulation and implementation of plans designed to achieve a company's objectives". In the study special attention is given to the implementation of the strategic management model. Strategic managers' attention is drawn to the fact that the organisational structure should he supportive to the chosen strategy. Management's attention is also drawn to the fact that the desired organisational culture is of utmost importance for the successful implementation of strategic plans. The literature search clearly indicated that the strategic management model of Pearce & Robinson (1991: II) can be implemented at the City Council of Nelspruit because it provides a step by step process whilst allowing management to take cognisance of the unique circumstances of the organisation. The use of checklists for the implementation of the strategic planning model is recommended. Each checklist provides management with a number of questions to guide the implementation process. Certain recommendations are made in the last chapter of the study. First of all it is recommended that the suggested strategic management model be implemented by means of checklists. Secondly, that councillors and officials be trained in the principles of strategic management. The strategic plan should thirdly be published and communicated to an the stakeholders and fourthly that the value of strategic management and the influence of the integration of local authorities be researched.

This study explores the relevance of the Bargaining Council for the Food, Retail, Restaurant, Catering and Allied Trades (BCFRRCAT) on a group of small restaurant enterprises in Pretoria. An investigation into the functioning of the BCFRRCAT in Pretoria was done with special reference to their accommodation of small restaurant enterprises in the Bargaining Council (BC). The aim of the study was to determine if the BCFRRCAT understands the needs and problems of small restaurant enterprises in the industry and whether small restaurant enterprises adhere to the provisions of the main collective agreement of the BC. The approach of the study was based on the fact that, in order to understand how the BC could be impacting on small restaurant enterprises, one needs to start by examining: <ul> <li>the representativity position and coverage of the Council to put into perspective the number of employers and employees covered by the Council;</li> <li> Examine the actual process of extended BC agreement that is extended to non-parties by the Council; </li> <li>the enforcement capacity of the Council’s inspectorates over collective agreements, and</li> <li> the nature of exemption system at the BC, reviewing the number of exemption applications received, the number of exemptions granted and the number of exemptions refused.</li> </ul> Against this background, the literature on BCs pointed out that the applicability of the BC system to small enterprises has come under considerable scrutiny since the 1980s. The trend has always been that the development of the BC system has made it much more convenient for large employers to negotiate their interest at the Council level than for the small enterprises. Small enterprises tend to oppose BC activities and some of the issues that have been raised include the extent to which Councils are representative of small enterprises and accommodate their needs at the Council. To address the main research objectives, semi-structured interviews were adopted as a specific type of qualitative research method. The mode of understanding qualitative research as an adopted research design has been analyzed on the basis of a practically orientated description around the research problem of the study. The motivation to carry out this study qualitatively was founded on the following characteristics: <ul> <li>its ability to understand the phenomena from the perspective of the people being studied;</li> <li>its ability to provide detailed descriptions of specific settings under investigation, and</li> <li>its ability to allow the application and testing of concepts that produced a wealth of detailed data about a small number of people.</li> </ul> The immediate conclusion that emerged from the study was established through the examination of three measures of representativity (i.e., the number of covered employees at party employers as a proportion of all covered employees, the members of party trade union as a proportion of all covered employees and the party employers as a proportion of all registered employers). Hence, the Council was found to be less representative on the third measure (i.e., party employers as a proportion of all registered employers). This appeared to be for the reason that the extension of collective agreement covers only a very small proportion of small restaurant enterprises. Copyright / Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

The United Nations Security Council, as highest custodian of peace and security in the international community, is subjected to change in the international environment, but is in itself not inclined to, or likely to change in the near future. This is because its structure is entrenched in international law, which also upholds the pre-eminence of state sovereignty in the prevailing international relations environment. The pre-eminent position bestowed upon the UNSC by the UN Charter and an entrenched international adherence to its current structure, mainly due to conflict’s close association with reality politics and international power structures associated with a pre-dominant interest driven international system of states, make international consensus on changing the UNSC near impossible. This environment is, therefore, subject to the competitive pursuit of state interests and influenced by power relations, as Realists contend. However, this behavioural nature of the international system continues to be challenged in order to conform to the principles that underwrite the philosophies, the theories and the structures of human rights, humanitarian principles, idealism and their correlating systems of law in democracy. South Africa’s diplomatic positioning in this regard since 1994 assumes a structural approach by calling for change in the international system, to broaden international community, and specifically African, contributions to and participation in global governance. As concerns the UNSC, the South African diplomatic agenda has targeted the ingrained hegemony of the Council’s permanent core, the Permanent Five, and their veto. In theory, South Africa subscribes to the Ezulwini Consensus, which is a common African position that demands two permanent seats for the continent. The country has, in line with its diplomatic endeavour, also pronounced itself ready to assume such a seat in a transformed Council, even though Africa has not collectively endorsed (a) candidate(s). In the interim, South Africa is using strategic diplomatic manoeuvres, at the regional as well as global level, to steer the debate on UNSC reform and to lobby for its own permanent inclusion. South Africa, therefore, conducts diplomacy of engagement across the international diplomatic spectrum in support of a diplomacy that seeks to engage rather than isolate or disengage and which is aimed at making a difference in this mediation, creating convergence, also through bridging divergences in the international debate on reform of the UNSC. / Dissertation (MDIPS)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / lmchunu2014 / Political Sciences / unrestricted

Abstract The growing importance of forest certification has been under discussion in recent decades. In 21st century the FSC certification has been spreading across the Europe, and it has caused controversies among the citizens. The standards differ within the European Union, which has led to the situation where forest owners in some countries aren’t able to adapt the FSC certification, and are losing their markets. There are two forest certification organizations in Europe, the PEFC and the FSC. These two organizations can be seen as competitors nowadays. Both have certified forest around the world, in all continents. Among the forestry experts and forest owners, there is no consensus, whether the forest certifications are affecting positively to the market situation or not. Situations vary between the countries, since the standards and the usage of certificates differ. This thesis describes the situation of the forest certifications in Finland, Sweden, Czech Republic and Austria. The results are gathered from literature, articles and forestry experts' interviews by countries. From the results of these interviews a SWOT analysis is conducted, which assess whether the FSC certification is developing the market situation with positive or negative effect. The conclusions are based on the SWOT analysis results, and include suggestions for the further development for FSC forest certification by countries.

<p> This thesis examines one of the most useful instruments yet devised for regulating the relations of states diplomacy. It explains how, from the beginning of the modern state system, traditional diplomacy has served the needs of the international community. </p> <p> The major part of this study focuses on the diplomatic activities that take place at the United Nations, especially as they concern the Security Council, the General Assembly, and the Secretariat with the Secretary General. Support is presented for the contention that traditional, "quiet" diplomacy plays an important role at the United Nations, even though on the surface the United Nations appears to be pre-occupied with public debate, vote swapping, and distortion of basic international issues. </p> <p> The role of small nations in an international society is also briefly discussed. </p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

This study examines the ideology of white southern opposition to the civil rights movement in order to recognize the transformation of white concepts of race in the midst of racial change and how those changes impacted the emergence of new conservative political principles in the post-civil rights era. The recognition of a new racial consciousness informs historical appraisals of the significance of white resistance and suggests that this opposition made a vital contribution to the political realignments of the 1960s and 1970s. The foundation of this study rests upon the Citizens’ Council Forum, a television and radio program that aired from 1957-1966. Forum’s sponsor, the Citizens’ Council of America, has been consistently recognized as the most highly-organized and active of white resistance organizations in the South. Forum was the Council’s effort to place its organizing principles of states’ rights and racial integrity among a myriad of other pressing political problems in order to sell its campaign to preserve segregation to an audience that extended beyond the borders of the South. This effort required guests of the show to subvert questions of racial equality to broader concerns of federal power, liberal politics and foreign policy. Attention to these topics in addition to Forum discussions of the civil rights movement reveals that in the process of opposing racial change, white resistance helped usher in a new era of racial consciousness that concealed race within conservative ideas. Race became a powerful insinuation within these issues. The “colorblind” tactics of Forum guests eschewed direct denunciations of the black race but ensured that race would remain a firm component of public political discussions. This study highlights the importance of reaction to historical change as a way to understand the evolution of ideas. As the civil rights movement instigated new, more equitable ideas about race, its opponents acted in parallel ways to repackage the principles of white supremacy. They did so by leveraging principles against the actual conditions that the system of racial discrimination wrought. Less visible forms of racialized rhetoric replaced the raw language of segregation and gave segregationists and their sympathizers a home in conservative politics.

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