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This thesis is an exploration of the relationship between Anglican clergymen and the inhabitants of Norfolk's rural parishes in the nineteenth century. It considers the potential impact clergymen could have upon a number of areas of secular life: on education as school managers, on law and order as magistrates, and on aspects of local economic, social and behavioural management as poor law guardians and charity trustees. Clergymen also negotiated a complex series of social relationships with agricultural labourers, with religious Nonconformists, with trade unionists, with tenant farmers, and with local landowners (who were often their patrons or kinsmen). The thesis examines many facets of social, religious and political dissent in the countryside, and discusses the extent to which individual clergymen - by their attitudes and actions - might exacerbate or soothe tensions within their 'spheres of influence'. The notion of clergymen as 'colonial governors' is posited. The term offers an explanation for their managerial role in local society, and elucidates the way in which the parish clergy operated as administrators rather than instigators of change. Nineteenth-century rural society also witnessed the decline of a once-vibrant popular culture, based on an affinity with nature and lived to the rhythm of calendrical custom. It is argued that popular culture was actively suppressed by parish elites and that the Church played a pivotal role in the process of suppression. The pageantry of parish entertainments, the re-casting of the law so that it acted against custom, the rise of the clergyman as antiquarian historian and amateur archaeologist, the symbolism and architecture of the restored church and the newly-built Rectory are all cited as being of iconic significance in this respect. By blending qualitative and quantitative methods, the thesis aims to build an holistic picture of the way in which two cultures encountered each other in the nineteenth-century countryside, and explains how one culture came to dominate, incorporate and manage the other.

Yes / The Bourbon restoration’s foreign policy is traditionally seen as cautious and conservative, broadly accepting the Vienna settlement, and doing little to recover France’s great-power status lost in 1815. In this view, such acts of assertion as the 1823 Spanish expedition were very much exceptions to the rule. This article argues that, on the contrary, the restored Bourbons’ will to challenge the verdict of 1815 has been significantly underestimated. In particular, it uses neglected archival sources to reconstruct the strenuous efforts made by Charles X and his ministers in the late 1820s to achieve this through an alliance with Russia. The role of domestic considerations in this developing forward policy, above all the perception that retrieving France’s position abroad was the best way of strengthening the regime at home, is also underlined.

It is the individual and not art that is at the heart of Walter Pater’s philosophical aesthetics. Even as Pater realizes the ‘illusive inscrutable mistakable’ nature of the individual under the conditions of modernity, his aesthetics revolve around it. He boldly attempts to reconsider the kind of individualism that will be possible in the wake of modernity, searching within the chaos and ephemera of a Godless universe to seek Man’s raison d’etre within the imagination. Certainly, his idiosyncratic thought is not a system, nor even a consistent vision, so much as a faltering meditation on what kind of individualism is possible under the conditions of modernity. It is a discourse situated at a schism in humankind’s consciousness of itself: on one hand, looking to the philosophies Pater studied carefully -- those of Hume, Kant, Schiller and Goethe, amongst others -- and on the other hand, understanding that the emerging future will require its own conception of reality. With these issues in mind, my study has two main aims. First, it explores the troubled vicissitudes of Pater’s conception of the individual. Second, it argues that Pater has a significant position, not only in the history of literary style, but in the history of ideas, by tracing how his thought interacts with and reconceives the philosophical traditions of British empiricism, German Romanticism and Idealism. Its chapters are organized around six central concerns: the relationship between self and world, the nebulous conceptions of ‘spirit’ and ‘soul,’ sensuality, the body as subject and object, passing time and the eternal moment, and ethics. These issues are considered with reference to the full range of Pater’s essays and imaginary portraits, including his unpublished manuscripts, ‘The History of Philosophy and ‘The Aesthetic Life.’ Their significance is understood within the context of Pater’s intellectual milieu, his own life and their resonances through literary modernism.

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archives@tulane.edu / This article argues that medical discourse attempted to establish gender and sexual behavior while determining women’s roles in society in nineteenth-century Cuba. Examining popular and medical journals, women’s periodicals, and health manuals, it illustrates how doctor’s preoccupations with women’s bodies reflected social anxieties over the sexual repercussions of shifting fashions, the moral impact of education and the need to biologically differentiate between black and white women. Medical emphasis on racial and gender differences mirrored social anxieties over control of female sexuality and the increased importance of motherhood and maternity as a symbol of a well-organized society. The article foregrounds the importance of examining medicine through a gender lens to highlight how doctors normalized cultural and social assumptions about race and gender in the nineteenth century. It illuminates how nineteenth-century medical conceptualizations provided a rationalization of gender, race and class differences steeped in Cuban assumptions about power. / 1 / Daylín P. López

It was suggested to me by Dr. T. Mitchell Prudden that a promising field for research existed in determining the identity of the bacterial commonly occurring in the air of New York. Very early in the investigation a practical difficulty in the way of determining species became apparent. It was found, however that the determinations of the species were not always authentic, as seen by the fact that when planted on the standard media many of them contradicted their published characters.