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Nowadays the aviation industry is playing an important role in our daily life, since is the main medium that satisfies the present human needs to reach long distances in the fastest way. But such benefit doesn’t come free of collateral consequences. It is estimated that each year, only the air transport industry produces 628 mega tonnes of CO2. Therefore, urgently actions need to be implemented considering that the current commercial fleet will be doubled by 2050. The research field for more efficient aircraft systems is a very constructive field; where novel ideas can be exploited towards the mitigation of the coming air transport development. In this research the configuration of the Environmental Control System (ECS) has been analysed aiming to reduce its energy consumption for both, fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft. This goal is expected to be achieved mainly through the replacement of the main source of power that supplies the ECS, from pneumatic to electric. Differently from the conventional ECS, a new electric-source technology is integrated in the system configuration to compare its effects on the energy consumption. This new technology doesn’t bleed air directly from the engines; instead of that, it takes the air directly from the atmosphere through the implementation of an electric compressor. This new technology has been implemented by Boeing in one of its most recent airplanes, the B787. Towards achieving the main goal, a framework integrated with five steps has been designed. An algorithmic analysis is integrated on the framework. The first step meets the required aircraft characteristics for the analysis. The second step is in charge of meeting the mission profile characteristics where the overall analysis will be carried out. The third step assesses the conventional ECS penalties. The fourth step carries out a complex analysis for the proposed electric ECS model, from its design up to its penalties assessment. The fifth step compares the analysis results for both, the conventional and the electric models. The fourth step of the framework, which analyses the electric ECS, is considered the most critic one; therefore is divided in three main tasks. Firstly, a small parametric study is done to select an optimum configuration. This task is carried out towards meeting the ECS air conditioning requirements of a selected aircraft. Secondly, the cabin temperature and pressurization are simulated to analyse the response of the configured electric ECS for a mission profile. And finally, the fuel penalties are assessed in terms of system weight, drag and fuel due power-off take. To achieve the framework results, a model which receives the name ELENA has been created using the tool Simulink®. This model contains 5 interconnected modules; each one reads a series of inputs to perform calculations and exchange information with other modules.

Cada vez mais se busca um correto dimensionamento dos materiais refratários e uma correta escolha das variáveis operacionais dos reatores metalúrgicos. No caso da produção de alumínio primário, a competitividade do mercado exige alta vida útil da célula de redução eletrolítica, acompanhada de uma eficiência energética no processo, uma vez que as fontes energéticas estão se tornando cada vez mais escassas. Por isso, a formação e a espessura da camada de banho congelado (também chamada de ledge) são muito importantes para estimar e prolongar a vida útil da cuba de redução eletrolítica. A espessura de banho congelado está, intimamente, relacionada com a proteção dos materiais refratários (resultando em aumento de vida útil do reator) e com a resistência térmica do reator metalúrgico para produção de alumínio primário, influenciando a sua eficiência energética. Nesta dissertação estuda-se a simulação termo-elétrica através do uso do pacote comercial Ansys CFX 11. Para isso, é realizada a deformação da malha e a temperatura Tliquidus do ledge é especificada. Essa deformação acarreta uma alteração da resistência térmica da camada de ledge, fato que altera a temperatura das interfaces ledge/banho e ledge/metal devido ao balanço térmico. Em vista disso, o modelo apresentado tem o objetivo de estimar a espessura do ledge, a eficiência energética da Cuba de redução eletrolítica, seu perfil de temperaturas, fluxo de calor e auxiliar na escolha e no projeto de refratários adequados para a cuba de redução eletrolítica utilizada na produção de alumínio primário. A dissertação apresentará o perfil de temperatura na frente de solidificação nas interfaces ledge/banho e ledge/metal. Também, o presente trabalho mostra o estudo do fluxo de calor através da frente, a espessura de banho congelado, a resistência térmica e a validação do modelo numérica. A metodologia empregada na análise numérica do fenômeno físico estudado foi adequada e conseguiu-se a validação do modelo. / Increasingly, the aim is a correct sizing of refractory materials and a correct choice of the operating variables of metallurgical reactors. In the case of primary aluminum production, the competitive market requires high life of the electrolytic reduction cell, accompanied by energy efficiency in the process, since the energy sources are becoming increasingly scarce. Therefore, the formation and the layer thickness of bath frozen (also called ledge) are very important to estimate and prolong the life of the cell of electrolytic reduction. The thickness of frozen bath is closely related to the protection of refractory materials (resulting in increased life of the reactor) and the thermal resistance of the metal reactor for the production of primary aluminum, influencing its efficiency. On This dissertation is studied the simulation thermothrough the electrical use of commercial package Ansys CFX 11. To Hence it is held the deformation of mesh and temperature Tliquidus of the ledge is specified. This deformation causes a change in the thermal resistance layer ledge, a fact that the temperature changes of the interfaces ledge / bath and ledge / metal due to thermal balance. As a result, the model aims to estimate the thickness of the ledge, the energy efficiency of electrolytic reduction cell, its temperature profile, heat flow and help in the choice and design of refractories suitable for the electrolytic reduction cell used for the production of primary aluminum. The dissertation shows the temperature profile in front of solidification at the interfaces ledge / bath and ledge / metal. Also, this paper shows the study of heat flux through the front of solidification, the thickness of the ledge, the thermal resistance influence and the validation of numerical model. The methodology used in the numerical analysis of the physical phenomenon studied was adequate and we were able to validate the model.

Cada vez mais se busca um correto dimensionamento dos materiais refratários e uma correta escolha das variáveis operacionais dos reatores metalúrgicos. No caso da produção de alumínio primário, a competitividade do mercado exige alta vida útil da célula de redução eletrolítica, acompanhada de uma eficiência energética no processo, uma vez que as fontes energéticas estão se tornando cada vez mais escassas. Por isso, a formação e a espessura da camada de banho congelado (também chamada de ledge) são muito importantes para estimar e prolongar a vida útil da cuba de redução eletrolítica. A espessura de banho congelado está, intimamente, relacionada com a proteção dos materiais refratários (resultando em aumento de vida útil do reator) e com a resistência térmica do reator metalúrgico para produção de alumínio primário, influenciando a sua eficiência energética. Nesta dissertação estuda-se a simulação termo-elétrica através do uso do pacote comercial Ansys CFX 11. Para isso, é realizada a deformação da malha e a temperatura Tliquidus do ledge é especificada. Essa deformação acarreta uma alteração da resistência térmica da camada de ledge, fato que altera a temperatura das interfaces ledge/banho e ledge/metal devido ao balanço térmico. Em vista disso, o modelo apresentado tem o objetivo de estimar a espessura do ledge, a eficiência energética da Cuba de redução eletrolítica, seu perfil de temperaturas, fluxo de calor e auxiliar na escolha e no projeto de refratários adequados para a cuba de redução eletrolítica utilizada na produção de alumínio primário. A dissertação apresentará o perfil de temperatura na frente de solidificação nas interfaces ledge/banho e ledge/metal. Também, o presente trabalho mostra o estudo do fluxo de calor através da frente, a espessura de banho congelado, a resistência térmica e a validação do modelo numérica. A metodologia empregada na análise numérica do fenômeno físico estudado foi adequada e conseguiu-se a validação do modelo. / Increasingly, the aim is a correct sizing of refractory materials and a correct choice of the operating variables of metallurgical reactors. In the case of primary aluminum production, the competitive market requires high life of the electrolytic reduction cell, accompanied by energy efficiency in the process, since the energy sources are becoming increasingly scarce. Therefore, the formation and the layer thickness of bath frozen (also called ledge) are very important to estimate and prolong the life of the cell of electrolytic reduction. The thickness of frozen bath is closely related to the protection of refractory materials (resulting in increased life of the reactor) and the thermal resistance of the metal reactor for the production of primary aluminum, influencing its efficiency. On This dissertation is studied the simulation thermothrough the electrical use of commercial package Ansys CFX 11. To Hence it is held the deformation of mesh and temperature Tliquidus of the ledge is specified. This deformation causes a change in the thermal resistance layer ledge, a fact that the temperature changes of the interfaces ledge / bath and ledge / metal due to thermal balance. As a result, the model aims to estimate the thickness of the ledge, the energy efficiency of electrolytic reduction cell, its temperature profile, heat flow and help in the choice and design of refractories suitable for the electrolytic reduction cell used for the production of primary aluminum. The dissertation shows the temperature profile in front of solidification at the interfaces ledge / bath and ledge / metal. Also, this paper shows the study of heat flux through the front of solidification, the thickness of the ledge, the thermal resistance influence and the validation of numerical model. The methodology used in the numerical analysis of the physical phenomenon studied was adequate and we were able to validate the model.

Cada vez mais se busca um correto dimensionamento dos materiais refratários e uma correta escolha das variáveis operacionais dos reatores metalúrgicos. No caso da produção de alumínio primário, a competitividade do mercado exige alta vida útil da célula de redução eletrolítica, acompanhada de uma eficiência energética no processo, uma vez que as fontes energéticas estão se tornando cada vez mais escassas. Por isso, a formação e a espessura da camada de banho congelado (também chamada de ledge) são muito importantes para estimar e prolongar a vida útil da cuba de redução eletrolítica. A espessura de banho congelado está, intimamente, relacionada com a proteção dos materiais refratários (resultando em aumento de vida útil do reator) e com a resistência térmica do reator metalúrgico para produção de alumínio primário, influenciando a sua eficiência energética. Nesta dissertação estuda-se a simulação termo-elétrica através do uso do pacote comercial Ansys CFX 11. Para isso, é realizada a deformação da malha e a temperatura Tliquidus do ledge é especificada. Essa deformação acarreta uma alteração da resistência térmica da camada de ledge, fato que altera a temperatura das interfaces ledge/banho e ledge/metal devido ao balanço térmico. Em vista disso, o modelo apresentado tem o objetivo de estimar a espessura do ledge, a eficiência energética da Cuba de redução eletrolítica, seu perfil de temperaturas, fluxo de calor e auxiliar na escolha e no projeto de refratários adequados para a cuba de redução eletrolítica utilizada na produção de alumínio primário. A dissertação apresentará o perfil de temperatura na frente de solidificação nas interfaces ledge/banho e ledge/metal. Também, o presente trabalho mostra o estudo do fluxo de calor através da frente, a espessura de banho congelado, a resistência térmica e a validação do modelo numérica. A metodologia empregada na análise numérica do fenômeno físico estudado foi adequada e conseguiu-se a validação do modelo. / Increasingly, the aim is a correct sizing of refractory materials and a correct choice of the operating variables of metallurgical reactors. In the case of primary aluminum production, the competitive market requires high life of the electrolytic reduction cell, accompanied by energy efficiency in the process, since the energy sources are becoming increasingly scarce. Therefore, the formation and the layer thickness of bath frozen (also called ledge) are very important to estimate and prolong the life of the cell of electrolytic reduction. The thickness of frozen bath is closely related to the protection of refractory materials (resulting in increased life of the reactor) and the thermal resistance of the metal reactor for the production of primary aluminum, influencing its efficiency. On This dissertation is studied the simulation thermothrough the electrical use of commercial package Ansys CFX 11. To Hence it is held the deformation of mesh and temperature Tliquidus of the ledge is specified. This deformation causes a change in the thermal resistance layer ledge, a fact that the temperature changes of the interfaces ledge / bath and ledge / metal due to thermal balance. As a result, the model aims to estimate the thickness of the ledge, the energy efficiency of electrolytic reduction cell, its temperature profile, heat flow and help in the choice and design of refractories suitable for the electrolytic reduction cell used for the production of primary aluminum. The dissertation shows the temperature profile in front of solidification at the interfaces ledge / bath and ledge / metal. Also, this paper shows the study of heat flux through the front of solidification, the thickness of the ledge, the thermal resistance influence and the validation of numerical model. The methodology used in the numerical analysis of the physical phenomenon studied was adequate and we were able to validate the model.

This thesis is focused on the optimization of the catering service internal environment by air conditioning in Brno. This concept uses a forced ventilation system and air conditioning. The theoretical part addresses the proper air distribution in the catering operation. The experimental part involves the measurement of carbon dioxide, air velocity, relative humidity and air temperature and the temperature of the thermometer ball. Depending on the observed values a technical solution was created in variations and applied in the calculation program.

No description available.

Le procédé de refusion sous laitier électroconducteur (Electro Slag Remelting ou ESR) est aujourd’hui largement utilisé pour la production d’alliages métalliques à haute valeur ajoutée, comme les aciers spéciaux ou les superalliages base nickel. La modélisation mathématique et la simulation numérique du procédé ESR présentent un grand intérêt puisque les études expérimentales sur installations industrielles sont coûteuses et souvent difficiles à mettre en oeuvre. Ainsi, afin d’améliorer la compréhension et la maîtrise de la conduite d’une refusion, un modèle prédictif a été développé dans le cadre de cette étude. Il décrit les transferts couplés de chaleur et de quantité de mouvement lors de la croissance et de la solidification d’un lingot, en géométrie axisymétrique. La résolution des équations est basée sur une approche de type volumes finis. Le modèle tient compte de l’effet Joule dans le laitier résistif, des forces électromagnétiques et de la turbulence éventuelle de l’écoulement des phases liquides. La zone pâteuse est traitée comme un milieu poreux. Le modèle permet notamment de prédire la formation de la peau de laitier solide qui entoure le laitier et le lingot. Par ailleurs, il offre l’avantage de simuler le comportement du lingot et du laitier après la coupure finale du courant.Le développement s’est accompagné d’une importante étape de validation. Quatre refusions à l’échelle industrielle ont ainsi été réalisées à l’aciérie des Ancizes (Aubert&Duval). Les observations expérimentales ont ensuite été confrontées aux résultats du calcul. La comparaison a montré que le modèle peut être utilisé afin de prédire le comportement du procédé, à condition d’accorder une attention particulière à l’estimation des propriétés thermophysiques du métal, et surtout du laitier. Enfin, afin d’illustrer l’utilisation du modèle comme support à la compréhension du procédé, nous avons étudié l’influence de la variation de paramètres opératoires tels que la profondeur d’immersion de l’électrode, le taux de remplissage ou la pression de l’eau de refroidissement. / Electro Slag Remelting (ESR) is widely used for the production of high-value-added alloys such as special steels or nickel-based superalloys. Because of high trial costs and complexity of the process, trial-and-error based approaches are not well suitable for fundamental studies and optimization of the process.Consequently, a transient-state numerical model which accounts for electromagnetic phenomena and coupled heat and momentum transfers in an axisymmetrical geometry has been developed. The model simulates the continuous growth of the electroslag remelted ingot through a mesh-splitting method. In addition, solidification of the metal and slag is modelled by an enthalpy-based technique. A turbulence model is implemented to compute the motion of liquid phases (slag and metal), while the mushy zone is described as a porous medium whose permeability varies with the liquid fraction, thus enabling an accurate calculation of solid/liquid interaction. The coupled partial differential equations are solved using a finite-volume technique.Computed results are compared to experimental observation of 4 industrial remelted ingots fully dedicated to the model validation step. Pool depth and shape are particularly investigated in order to validate the model. Comparison shows that the model can be used as a predictive tool to analyse the process behavior. Nevertheless, it is necessary to pay a particular attention to the estimation of the thermophysical properties of metal and especially slag.These results provide valuable information about the process performance and influence of operating parameters. In this way, we present some examples of model use as a support to analyse the influence of operating parameters. We have studied the variation of electrode immersion depth, fill ratio and water pressure in the cooling circuit.

This diploma thesis investigates the combined production of power and heat from biomass. The main aim is to compare suggested energy circles in the light of their electric, general and economic efficiency. Introduction describes the basic terms and principles of energy utilization of biomass, combustion and gasification technology are described thoroughly. The main part contains suggestions and thermal calculations of energy circles. The thermal cycle with gasification chamber, combustion chamber and hot air turbine is proposed, than thermal cycle with gasification generator and cogeneration unit and finally Rankine-Clausius circle. In conclusion calculated results are recapitulated and the usability of proposed thermal cycles is assessed.

In the thesis researches of overall performance of the polymerization furnace of Uralasbest plant are executed. The existing thermal scheme and a design of the furnace is considered, thermal calculation is carried out and technical solutions on improvement of thermal and ecological characteristics of the furnace operation are proposed. Researches showed that ecological characteristics mineral-wool production doesn't satisfy to requirements to environmental standards, and for decrease in emissions of nitrogen oxides more effective burner system is proposed. On the basis of the executed measurements and balance calculations technical actions on decrease in thermal losses with the leaving gases are offered. / В диссертации выполнены исследования эффективности работы печи полимеризации цеха ОАО «Ураласбест». Рассмотрена существующая тепловая схема и конструкция печи, проведен тепловой расчет и предложены технические решения по совершенствованию тепловых и экологических характеристик работы печи. Исследования показали, что с точки зрения экологических характеристик минераловатное производство не соответствует требованиям к экологическим нормам, и для снижения выбросов оксидов азота предложена более эффективная горелочных система..На основе выполненных измерений и балансовых расчетов предложены технические мероприятия по снижения тепловых потерь с уходящими газами.