The ionization of chemicals in solids or liquids under ambient conditions, known as ambient ionization mass spectrometry, is currently a fruitful research area in mass spectrometry. To classify those ambient ionization techniques from preexisting atmospheric pressure ionization methods, the former are commonly defined as those mass spectrometric ionization methods that operate under ambient conditions and require minimal or no sample pretreatment. A characteristic of this technology is that sample introduction and ionization are usually separate events, thereby allowing independent control of each set of conditions. A two-step ESI-based technique, named electrospray laser desorption ionization (ELDI), has been developed to characterize nonvolatile analyte molecules directly from the surfaces of solid samples in 2005 by J. Shiea and his co-workers. The analyte molecules are produced by laser irradiating of the sample surfaces, and then post-ionized in an ESI plume. However, the pulsed laser used in ELDI-MS system is quite expensive. Our aim in this research is to develop simple, convenient, and cheap desorption methods and coupled them to post-ionization techniques for direct analysis of liquid and solid sample analysis. They includes: (a) the use of continuous wave (CW) laser instead of pulsed laser to desorb analytes in liquid samples and ointments, and (b) the use of thermal probe to desorb analytes in solid and liquid samples. All of the desorbed neutral species like molecules or droplets are then post-ionized via ESI or APCI processes. The first topic of the research is to develop a cheaper laser system to introduce analytes in solids or liquids into reaction region for post-ionization. In this section, we use a CW laser instead of a pulsed laser for the sampling of analytes. The titanium foil and stainless steel foil sample plate is quite useful and shows a great of desorption efficiency for liquid samples while irradiating by a CW laser. The detection limit by using a CW laser for sampling and ESI for post-ionization is 0.1 £gM for Benzethonium chloride and 1 £gM for cytochrome c, respectively. The combination of CW laser desorption and ESI post-ionization mass spectrometry can be applied in drug components, food safety and biomedical sample analysis. As a result of small size, lightness and lower prices of CW laser system, it not only shows large potential to use as a high efficiency desorption device for novel ionization source of mass spectrometer but also available for a wide range of useful application in many fields. The second topic of the research is to develop a new thermal probe for the direct desorption of sample surface. The home-made thermal probe is used to touch surface of solid sample or liquid sample to generate gas phase molecules or micro analyte droplets. Those neutral analytes are then post-ionized via ESI or APCI processes. In this study, the setting temperature of thermal probe is 250¢J. When the thermal probe touches liquid sample, it makes droplets boiling away explosively and then fused with ESI plume to generate ions. The detection limit by using a thermal probe for sampling and ESI or APCI for post-ionization is 1 £gM for both melamine and cytochrome c. This technique is also applied to analyze controversial additives in drinks. It also shows large potential to use as a high efficiency desorption device for novel ionization source of mass spectrometer and useful for a wide range of useful application in many fields.

La microscopie thermique est un outil prometteur permettant d’étudier les mesures thermiques de matériaux et les mécanismes de transfert de chaleur aux micro/nanoéchelles. La réponse thermique de la sonde a été étudiée en utilisant deux sondes résistives : Wollaston et Palladium. Un modèle en 3D réaliste a été développé pour la sonde Wollaston et l’échantillon avec leur milieu environnant. La simulation de la sonde prend en compte son support et considère que le milieu environnant est convectif. La réponse de la sonde a été évaluée lors de l'approche vers un échantillon de cuivre. La comparaison avec les résultats expérimentaux montre que la prise en compte de la convection naturelle pour le milieu environnant est une hypothèse valide. Nous présentons ensuite une méthodologie pour étudier le signal thermique de la sonde en contact avec un échantillon nanostructuré. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé un échantillon composé de marches de silicium sous une couche de SiO2. SThM s'avère être un outil puissant pour effectuer l'imagerie sub-surfacique. Nous avons montré que le signal thermique obtenu par la sonde est influencé par la présence de structures internes et correspond à un volume sondé qui tient en compte les propriétés thermiques des matériaux. Avec notre modèle, nous avons pu reconstruire le profil expérimental obtenu par SThM. Pour la sonde en Palladium, la réponse de la sonde a été étudiée expérimentalement sous conditions ambiantes en mode alternatif. L'analyse des résultats a mis en évidence la présence d’un phénomène interpréter comme une résonance d'onde thermique qui prend place au micro/nanoéchelle. Ce phénomène est lié à la longueur de diffusion thermique du milieu environnant (air) et indépendant des propriétés thermiques de l'échantillon. / Scanning thermal microscopy is a promising tool to investigate material’s thermal measurements and heat transfer mechanisms at the micro/nanoscale. The probe thermal response was explored using two different resistive probes: Wollaston and Palladium probes. A 3D realistic model was developed for the Wollaston probe-sample system with their surrounding medium. The simulation of probe takes into account its holder and considers that the surrounding medium between the probe and the sample is convective. The probe’s response was evaluated during the approach toward a sample of copper. The comparison with experimental results showed that considering natural air convection for the surrounding medium is a valid assumption. We then present a methodology to characterize the thermal signal of probe in contact with a nanostructured sample. For that, we used a sample composed of buried silicon steps under SiO2. SThM proves to be a powerful tool to perform subsurface imaging. We showed that the thermal signal obtained by the probe is influenced by the presence of internal structures and corresponds to a scanned volume which takes into account material’s thermal properties. With our modelling, we was able to rebuild the experimental profile obtained by SThM. For the Palladium probe, the probe’s response was studied experimentally under ambient conditions in the AC mode for different frequencies. The analysis of the results pointed on a phenomenon which can be described as a thermal wave resonance which takes place at micro/nanoscale. This phenomenon was shown to be related to the thermal diffusion length of the surrounding medium (air) and independent of the sample thermal properties.