L'objectif est de mieux connaître les diverses propriétés (physico-mécaniques, biologiques et chimiques) du bois de Mûrier blanc (Morus alba L.), en tant que matériau éminemment utilisé dans la fabrication de luths Iraniens. La différence de caractéristiques vibratoires de cette espèce a été mesurée en fonction de la présence d'extractibles, mais aussi pour trois traitements artisanaux qui ont été adaptés à l'échelle du laboratoire.Le bois Mûrier blanc est caractérisé par un module spécifique modéré, un amortissement plus bas que prévu et une anisotropie faible entre ses trois axes. Il est précisé que cette espèce ne peut pas être classifiée avec les mêmes normes que les autres bois utilisés pour les instruments classiques Européens. En utilisant les deux extractions indépendantes et successives, il est révélé que l'amortissement est régi par deux types d'extraits, certains l'abaissent et certains l'augmentent. Ces composés ne sont pas tous extractibles par les mêmes solvants. L'immersion de longue durée dans une eau à température ambiante ne modifie pas les propriétés mécaniques de l'espèce, toutefois, elle peut laisser le bois avec des défauts irréversibles. Un court traitement à l'eau chaude (70°C) entraîne l'augmentation de l'amortissement et la diminution du module spécifique. Dans ce dernier cas, des modifications sont presque progressives avec le temps.Le bois de Mûrier blanc semble être « très durable » par rapport à une attaque fongique, même dans des conditions extrêmes. Le délavage dans l'eau n'a pas d'effets sur la résistance de cette espèce contre basidiomycètes. Ce bois est classé « moyennement durable » contre l'attaque des termites et devient sensible après le délavage. Ses extractibles ont donc des effets toxique sur les termites. Les phénols, acides gras, stérols, hydrocarbures supérieurs, et composés aromatiques sont les composés présents dans les extraits de cette espèce. Le résorcinol, composé prédominant trouvé dans l'espèce, a été récemment rapporté comme la cause de plusieurs problèmes de santé, ce qui est aujourd'hui observé chez les artisans Iraniens. / This work aims at studying the several divers properties (Physico-mechanical, biological and chemical) of white Mulberry (Morus alba L.), as the leading material used in fabrication of Iranian lutes. The vibrational characteristic of this species is measured in relation with secondary metabolites (extractives) as well as three artisanal hygro-thermal treatments adapted to laboratory scale.White Mulberry wood is characterized with a moderate specific modulus, less than expected damping and a low anisotropy between three directions. It is specified that this species cannot be described with the same standards as other woods used in European classical instruments. Using independent and successive extractions reveal that two types of extraneous compounds govern the damping in this wood, some raising it, when the rest have a decreasing effect. These compounds are not all extractable by the same solvents.Long time immersion in water at ambient temperature hardly changes mechanical properties of the species, however, it can leave wood with irreversible defects. Hot water treatment at 70°C results for damping and moduli to be increased and decreased respectively. These changes are time related. Several mild desorption and adsorption cycles, seem to reduce damping without greatly endangering the moduli. White Mulberry wood is found to be very durable towards fungi, even in extreme conditions. Water leaching seems to be affectless on this species resistance towards basidiomycetes. This wood is rated moderately durable towards termites and becomes sensible after water leaching. Extractives seem to play important role in this wood natural resistance, as they are found to have toxic effect on termites. Resorcinol, a phenol, is the leading compound in the extractives of white Mulberry. Fatty acids, sterols, higher hydrocarbons, and aromatic compounds are also found as the constituents of secondary metabolites. Resorcinol is documented to cause irritations close to what is normally experienced by the fabricants working with white Mulberry for a long time.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to investigate chemical, physical, mechanical and surface properties of Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus cloeziana wood subjected to different treatments of freezing and heat. To achieve this, six trees for each specie were used to prepare sample for each mechanical test. The samples were subjected to six thermal treatments. Freezing treatment was performed in a horizontal freezer at -22 ± 2°C for 72 hours, while heat treatment was performed using an oven with force air circulation at 180 and 200 ± 1°C for 3.5 hours. Sampling to perform chemical, physical and surface tests were obtained from samples used in mechanical characterization of wood. Chemical changes were evaluated quantitatively through wet process and qualitatively through infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR). Physical properties evaluated were: weight loss, specific gravity, equilibrium moisture content, dimensional stability and hygroscopicity of wood. Mechanical evaluation was performed through static bending, impact strength, compression parallel to fibers and Janka hardness. Color and wettability of wood were evaluated using colorimetry and contact angle techniques, respectively. The main findings showed that freezing slightly affected the chemical properties of wood, in which the main changes were found in heat treatments, mainly at 200°C. Freezing improve in weight and equilibrium moisture content of wood, while heat treatment caused weight loss and decrease of equilibrium moisture content of wood. Both heat treatments improved dimensional stability of wood, however when freezing and heat was performed in a combination, they did not showed the best results. Regarding the hygroscopicity of wood, results obtained in heat treatment at 200°C should be highlighted. On the other hand, freezing treatment increased absorption of water. In general, freezing reduced mechanical properties of wood. Heat treatments increased stiffness at static bending and strength at compression parallel to fibers of wood however was responsible for reduction in other mechanical properties. Color of wood was affected mainly for heat treatments, in which a darkening of surface was observed and quantified by decrease of parameter L*. Wettability of wood slightly decreased after heat treatments. Influence of freezing on wettability of wood was related to the natural characteristic of wood from species studied because they did not showed a defined tendency. Therefore, it is believed that treatments performed in this study changed significantly the technological properties of wood. / O presente estudo teve como objetivos investigar as propriedades químicas, físicas, mecânicas e superficiais da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus cloeziana submetida a diferentes tratamentos de congelamento e termorretificação. Para tanto, foram confeccionados, a partir de seis árvores de cada espécie, corpos de prova para cada ensaio mecânico. Os corpos de prova foram submetidos a seis tratamentos térmicos. O congelamento foi realizado em um freezer horizontal sob condições de temperatura e tempo de -22 ± 2°C durante 72 horas, enquanto que a termorretificação foi realizada em uma estufa laboratorial com circulação de ar forçada, à 180 e 200 ± 1°C durante 3,5 horas. A amostragem para realização dos ensaios químicos, físicos e superficiais foram provenientes dos corpos de prova utilizados na caracterização mecânica da madeira. As modificações químicas foram avaliadas quantitativamente em ensaios via úmida e qualitativamente por espectroscopia no infravermelho (ATR-IR). As propriedades físicas avaliadas foram a perda de massa e massa específica, teor de umidade de equilíbrio, estabilidade dimensional e higroscopicidade da madeira. Para avaliação das propriedades mecânicas foram realizados ensaios de flexão estática, flexão dinâmica, compressão paralela e dureza Janka. Também foram avaliadas a colorimetria e molhabilidade da madeira, por meio das técnicas de colorimetria e ângulo de contato. Os principais resultados encontrados mostraram que o congelamento pouco afetou as propriedades químicas da madeira, sendo as principais alterações oriundas do processo de termorretificação, principalmente a 200°C. O congelamento causou acréscimos na massa e no teor de umidade de equilíbrio da madeira, enquanto que a termorretificação ocasionou a perda de massa e redução do teor de umidade de equilíbrio. Os dois tratamentos térmicos causaram melhoria na estabilidade dimensional, entretanto, quando combinados, não apresentaram os melhores resultados. Para a higroscopicidade destacam-se os resultados obtidos na termorretificação a 200°C, por outro lado, o congelamento aumentou a absorção de água. De maneira geral, o congelamento causou redução nas propriedades mecânicas da madeira. A termorretificação causou aumento na rigidez a flexão estática e resistência a compressão paralela e redução nas demais propriedades mecânicas. A coloração da madeira foi afetada principalmente pela termorretificação, em que ocorreu um escurecimento superficial, quantificado pelo decréscimo do parâmetro de claridade L*. A molhabilidade da madeira diminuiu sensivelmente após a realização dos tratamentos de termorretificação. A influência do congelamento sobre a molhabilidade foi atribuída a características naturais da madeira das espécies estudadas, sem apresentar tendência definida. Dessa forma, verificou-se que os tratamentos realizados alteraram significativamente as propriedades tecnológicas da madeira.