Among the major deterioration problems a gas turbine encountered while in operation is compressor blade fouling. This is the accumulation and adhesion of dirt and sediment on the compressor blade which contributes between 70 to 85% of gas turbine performance loss. Fouling reduces turbine air mass flow capacity, compressor pressure ratio and overall gas turbine efficiency. In most cases, its effect does not manifest immediately in gas turbine power output and efficiency since they are not measured directly. However, it is apparent on the gradual increase in Turbine Entry temperature (TET) and Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT). More fuel is burnt in the combustion chamber to maintain turbine power output which leads to high combustion flame temperature and thus reduces creep life of hot components. This research seeks to analyse the technical and economic consequences of compressor fouling in overall gas turbine performance. The work begins with simulation of TS3000 engine and examination of its design and off design performance. Subsequently, medium size gas turbine engine was modelled, simulated and its performance at different condition was examined to validate the outcome of field data analysis. Three months field operating data of Hitachi H-25 gas turbine generator used for power generation at bonny oil and gas terminal in Nigeria was collected and corrected to international standard ambient condition, using thermodynamic calculations. These data were analysed to determine the effect of fouling on the engine fuel consumption, power output in order to determine the plant profitability. The above analysis gives an estimation of fuel cost saving benefit of $41,000 over the period of one year plant operation due to regular two weekly compressor online water wash which is a good indication of the engine efficiency.

Con la finalidad de lograr la estabilización de pavimentos, surgen nuevas tecnologías de agentes estabilizadores como el asfalto espumado y la emulsión asfáltica. En el Proyecto del corredor vial Dv-Humajalso-Desagüadero y Tacna-Capazo-Mazocruz, se tenía como solución técnica aplicar en el Tramo 7 Tarata-Capazo el asfalto espumado. Sin embargo, la condición termodinámica es fundamental para el asfalto espumado y esto se evidencia en el Tramo 7, donde a temperaturas de 5°C en descenso, las partículas de asfalto no se dispersan sobre el mástic, éstas caen sobre otras partículas de asfalto, provocando una aglomeración de asfalto en forma de chicles e imposibilitando la compactación de la capa del pavimento. Frente a esta problemática, se plantea estabilizar el material granular con emulsión asfáltica, donde las partículas de asfalto están dispersas en una solución acuosa a 25°C y no se requiere calentar al asfalto a elevadas temperaturas. El objetivo de la tesis es lograr la estabilización del pavimento utilizando emulsión asfáltica. Para el diseño de la mezcla asfáltica en frío, se utiliza la metodología Illinois y una emulsión catiónica de rotura lenta como ligante. Prosigue, el diseño del pavimento con la metodología AASHTO 93, para determinar los espesores de las capas del pavimento que satisfarán las cargas de tráfico para la vida útil del proyecto. Finalmente, se logra validar la estabilización del pavimento en campo con los controles de compactación y deflectometría, quedando demostrado la versatilidad de la emulsión como mezcla asfáltica en frío frente a las condiciones termodinámicas críticas del Proyecto. / In order to achieve the stabilization of pavements, emerge new technologies of stabilizing agents such as foamed bitumen and asphalt emulsion. In the Roadway Project Dv-Humajalso-Desagüadero and Tacna-Capazo-Mazocruz, the technical solution was to apply foamed bitumen in road Section 7 Tarata-Capazo. Thermodynamic condition is fundamental where foamed bitumen is evidenced in Section 7, the temperature is lower than 5 °C, so the asphalt don’t disperse on the Mastic, causing an agglomeration of asphalt in the form of chewing gum and making impossible the compaction of the pavement layer. In this problem, It’s proposed to stabilize the granular material with asphalt emulsion, so the asphalt particles are dispersed in a solution to 25°C. The technique is a mixture of cold asphalt and is feasible for the critical thermodynamic conditions of the Section 7 Tarata-Capazo. The objective is to achieve the stabilization of the pavement using asphalt emulsion. The design of the cold asphalt mix applies the Illinois Methodology to determine the optimum quantity of residual asphalt. So that, the design of the pavement is done with the methodology of AASHTO 93, which allows to determine the thicknesses of the pavement layers that will satisfy the serviceability and traffic for the useful life of the project. Finally, It´s possible to validate the stabilization of the pavement in the field with the compaction and deflectometry controls, demonstrating the versatility of the emulsion as a cold asphalt mixture against the critical thermodynamic conditions of the Project. / Tesis